Analysis Of Martin Luther King And Lewis And The Civil...

Ahimsa, the Hindu principle of nonviolence toward all living things. An idea first adopted by Gandhi during his fight for Indias independence from British rule in 1947. A revolutionary idea which emphasized nonviolence, in the fight for peace. The idea was then adopted by Martin Luther King, and Lewis in during the 1960s in their fight to desegregate establishments across America. Now, there were many within the Civil Rights Movement that felt that King and Lewis’ methods were too forceful, many who called for more negotiation, many who were complacent with the state of things. Inversely, many felt Lewis and King were too timid, to them nonviolence was at times a joke, many such as Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X who touted more violent†¦show more content†¦Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality... These are the hard, brutal and unbelievable facts. On the bas is of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers [but to no avail].† Here King lays out the disparity of the situation in Birmingham, showing why the black community cannot be complacent any longer in the face of discrimination. The city leaders â€Å"consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation† (King 8) and instead continued ignoring the pleas the people. When a government denies equal rights to the people, it is the duty of the people to demand and if need be forcefully take back those rights. On the other hand, there were many in the movement that disagreed with nonviolence as the only way to pave the path to freedom. Many felt that One such man was Stokely Carmichael, a young man who participated in the freedom rides. Stokely, viewed nonviolence as a tactic rather than an underlying principle. He once said â€Å"he never saw it as his responsibility to be the moral and spiritual reclamation of some racist thug† (Le wis and Aydin 112). Stokely wasn’t the only one with criticism towards Lewis’ nonviolent approach to gaining freedom. In fact, many within Lewis’s own group often had trouble maintaining their composure when met with violent protesters; â€Å"I was startingShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Congressman John Lewis Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pageslittle debate among historians that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Congressman John Lewis are arguably two of the most important men in the Civil Rights Movement. Both of these men, Dr. Martin Luther King, in context of his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and John Lewis, in context of his involvement with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, left indelible impacts on the trajectory and success of the civil rights movement writ-large. While it is important toRead MorePersuasive Speech895 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is rhetoric, and wherever there is rhetoric, there is meaning.† (Burke) Barack Obama, Martin Luther King Jr. and Fannie Lou Hamer all delivered powerful persuasive speeches that will go down in history. The use of these motivational individuals’ language and persuasion played a pivotal role within the civil rights movement, the movement that achieved the most important breakthrough in the equal rights legislation. We can observe this in the speakers’ rhetoric devices like ethos, logos and pathosRead MoreWas King a Pan-Africanist? Martin Luther King and the African Liberation Movements3962 Words   |  16 PagesHist 101. 12/14/12 Was King a Pan-Africanist? Martin Luther King Jr. and the African Liberation Movements. By Kenechukwu Nwosu The King-era civil rights movement coincided closely with the peak of freedom struggles on the African continent. When the Montgomery bus boycott began in December 1955, all but four African nations were under colonial rule; when King delivered his last public speech on April 3, 1968, thirty-six African countries had gained their independence. Most scholarship on King’sRead MorePaper on Freedom for the Thought That We Hate825 Words   |  4 Pagesbook Freedom for the Thought that we Hate, author Anthony Lewis takes a simply phrased law, the First Amendment and shows how complex freedom of speech really is once put into the real world of freedom, as we know it. He shows through his rejections of absolutism, strong support towards freedom restriction, and objective analysis of Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, that the United States press is unlike any other in the world. Lewis rejects the First Amendment absolutism when discussing hisRead MoreA Comprehensive Information About The Life Of Martin Luther King Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pages Martin Luther King Name of Writer: Name of Institution:  The purpose of this research paper is to provide the comprehensive information about the life of Martin Luther King. This paper provides the deep analysis of different aspects of a life of king along with the comprehensive detail on different movements which he starts during his lifetime to achieve freedom. The whole life achievements of the Martin Luther King is clearly explaining in this paper so that the reader give the comprehensiveRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement4776 Words   |  20 Pagesprotection from them. â€Å"Civil rights† is the term used when speaking of the privileges, immunities, and practices of freedom which are protected from violation by other citizens. That is the definition of civil rights, although when most people think of civil rights they instantly think it means black civil rights. This is understandable since blacks, more than any other minority group in America, have had the toughest and therefore the best known struggle for equal rights. This is due to theRead More Martin Luther King, Jr.: Effective Nonviolence the Multiple Intelligences2987 Words   |  12 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.: Effective Nonviolence the Multiple Intelligences Introduction Nonviolence can touch men where the law cannot reach them. These words, uttered by the late civil rights leader himself, were the fundamental tenet of Martin Luther King, Jr.s life. These words, though few in number, are great in power. These words, simple, plain, and concise, provide a rubric with which to investigate Martin Luther King, Jr.s creative genius and intelligence. Howard Gardner, eminentRead MoreAn Analysis of Freedom Riders: The Documentary by Stanley Nelson1674 Words   |  7 Pages Stanley Nelson chronicles the journey of a group of individuals, known as the Freedom Riders, whom fought for the rights of African Americans to have the same amenities and access as the Caucasians. The purpose of the Freedom Rides was to deliberately violate the Jim Crow laws of the south that prohibited blacks and whites from mixing together on buses and trains. Expectedly, many of the Freedom Riders were beaten and the majority was imprisoned. This carried on for the majority of 1961 and culminatedRead MoreEducator and Human Rights Activist, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois1147 Words   |  5 Pagesefforts as it only gives them more ambition to be heard. As you will see in this paper there is one individual that not only stood for human rights but he stood for a culture that has been repressed for centuries. Born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Mas sachusetts William Edward Burghardt Du Bois’s official job titles were to include educator, civil rights activist and journalist (Bolden, 2008). He was known as a social reformer to the psychology world and had practiced social sciences in collegeRead MoreThe Strength Behind The Nonviolent Student Movement1921 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strength Behind the Nonviolent Student Movement Ideas of nonviolent direct action, largely influenced by Gandhi’s actions in India earlier, spread throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The combination of love and protest, as advocated by new young leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., inspired many numbers of people, including the student masses. This direct confrontational action, combined with the poise exhibited by participatory activists, inflamed racial tensions and through this brought to national

Wuthering Heights Annotaations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1184 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Wuthering Heights Essay Did you like this example? Characters Heathcliff Heathcliff is in love with Catherine. Catherine truly gave him a boost of confidence to pursue in everything he wanted. But when she left him for Edgar for popularity reasons, he turned into an evil human. He treats his dogs poorly. Wuthering Heights is where he lives. Marries Isabella for revenge on Edgar for marrying the love of his life, Catherine. Edgar Linton Edgar is passionate about Catherine, and understands her signifigantly more than others. Edgar loses everything. Cathy Linton A curious women who is new to Wuthering Heights. Edgars sister. Has a quality of being two faced. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wuthering Heights Annotaations" essay for you Create order Catherine Earnshaw Cannot choose between her love for Edgar or Heathcliff. Catherine only wants what is good for her. She is truly in love with Heathcliff, but really wants to be a wealthy women, and Edgar can her that. Nelly Dean Narrator of the book. Starts a lot of drama, and enjoys the commotion. Gets all of his information from Zillah Hareton Earnshaw Never had a true father, and doesnt understand what love is. Looks at Heathcliff as a father. Develops feelings for Cathy. Isabella Edgar Lintons sister. Marries Heathcliff. Lockwood He typically causes a lot of issues, because he isnt as close with many of the characters. Rents from Heathcliffs Thrushcross Grange. Mr. Earnshaw Catherines and Hindleys father. He adopted Heathcliff, and seems to like him more than his own children. Mrs. Earnshaw Catherines mom. Hates Heathcliff and loves Hindley. Married to Mr. Earnshaw. Hindley Earnshaw Catherines brother. Hates Heathcliff because his parents favor him more than him, so he gets jealous because he isnt even related. Married to Frances. Frances Earnshaw Married to Hindley. Frances is a very ill women who shortly dies after she gives birth to her son Hareton. Joseph He is a slave for Wuthering Heights. Many people find him extremely sketchy because of how religous he is. Mr. Linton Edgars dad. Supports Catherine so she can live her life successfully, dies after healing Catherine. Mrs. Linton Edgars mom. Married to Mr. Linton, is a signifigant part to Catherines life, dies after Catherine is back to normal. Zillah Heathcliffs maid, and gives Nelly a lot of inside information at Wuthering Heights. Conflicts : MAIN CONFLICT The main conflict is that Heathcliff and Catherine are truly in love with each other. Catherine is extremely selfcentered and she wants whatever makes her look the best. Heathcliff had the potential to be a weathy gentleman, but Catherine didnt want to wait, so she saw that Edgar already was a weathy man, and she wanted to look wealthy as well right away. The tension between the 3 characters causes everything to go haywire between the rest of the character in the novel. Heathcliff is in love with Catherine, but Edgar ends up marrying her. Heathcliff then marries Isabella to get revenge on Edgar for stealing the love of his life. This is an example of internal conflict because Heathcliff is jealous of Edgar Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw adopt Heathcliff, and favor him more than their actual children. Which makes Hindley, their son very angry. Catherine experiences an internal conflict when she has to choose between Edgar and Heathcliff. She gets called on that she loves both,and cannot decide who she wanted to be with. Her indecicivness ends up causing her death. Theme : Love Love is a theme of the novel because many of the characters love one another. Some circumstances are more difficult than others but they still experience it. Heathcliff is in love with Catherine, and she is in love with him. But Catherine is a selfcentered brat, who cares about her social life, so she chooses Edgar over Heathcliff. Hate Hate is a theme of the novel because Heathcliff is in love with Catherine but so is Edgar. They hate each other because they both know that Catherine is in love with Heathcliff. Heathcliff hates Edgar because he has a better life financially and thats what Catherine wants. Edgar than begins to hate Heathcliff even more because he marries his sister Isabella. Revenge Revenge is a theme of the novel because Heathcliff wants to get revenge on Edgar for taking the love of his life away from him. Heathcliff decides that a good way to get him back for taking her would be to marry his sister. Family Family is a theme of the novel because if it werent for the families and everyone being related, everything would go bad. Nobody would be in Wuthering Heights anymore and the people would make poor decisions towards each other. If there was no family in this story there would be no drama because there would be no way to make anyone mad or use anyone for revenge in that matter. An example is that Heathcliff wouldnt be able to use Isabella for revenge on Edgar if there was no family in the novel. Feeling of Alienation Feeling of Alienation comes into play when Heathcliff is pushed away from everyone. He was isolated because he is always looking for a way to ruin someones progress and happiness. I believe he does this because he got Catherine taken away from him, so he wants people to feel his pain. Heathcliff tries to get back at everyone for the terrible things they have done to him in the past, but it ends up hurting himself even more. Key Points Within The Novel Mr. Lockwood rents from Heathcliff at Thrushcross Grange Joseph is a servant It is noticed that 1500 and Hareton Earnshaw are marked, but never asks why Heathcliff seems to want no part of Mr.Lockwood Violent dogs went after Healthcliff and Mr Lockwood A random guy gets lockwood to go with him to try and get him back inside of wuthering heights. It is snowing for almost the whole chapter The slave calls the dogs to attack Lockwood and the other guy who were trying to get in Heathcliff is adopted by mr and mrs earnshaw, and treated like garbage when ,r earnshaw dies because there is no one to stop Hindley for attacking him. Catherine and Heathcliff are madly in love, and sneak up on edgars house, they are caught and heathcliff becomes extremely hated, and catherine moves in with isabella and edgar. Heathcliff becomes extremely upset when catherine decideds to choose edgar over him, while he is locked away. Hareton is born, son of Hindley. Catherine decided to marry edgar. They have a baby together and catherine dies while giving birth to cathy. Heathcliff marries isabella as a way of getting edgar angry because its his sister, and he stole the love of his life. And for ruining his whole life. Heathcliff tries to ruin edgars life all and all, because he is that upset from being hated and the love of his life dying. Heathcliff tries to get cathy and hareton to get married to make hindley upset. While Heathcliff is trying to plan ways to kill edgar and completely abolish his life, catherine haunts him 24/7.

Top Narrative Essay Introduction Samples Choices

Top Narrative Essay Introduction Samples Choices The essay has to be viewed via the program. The introduction is the initial portion of your essay. The debut of the essay ought to be bright and attract attention. The debut of your essay can begin with a hook. Thus, let's take a peek at how to begin a narrative essay. Denote for yourself what will be the principal portion of the essay, and what's the auxiliary material. This is definitely the most important portion of your essay that states the most important idea. As an example, though it may be inviting to start your essay with a dictionary definition, this technique is stale as it has been widely overused. The objective of your narrative should immediately come out clearly from the beginning of the essay. The reader should have the concept of the entire essay from the introduction. However, the question is whether the writer is capable of writing a personal essay with no program. When you compose a narrative essay, you're telling a story. Contrary to other essays in which you might want to argue or prove something, a narrative essay is all about telling a story. There are quite a lot of kinds of essays you might be assigned to finish. You are sure to find these and several different advantages if you request assistance with essay writing from Edusson! These are simply some common examples that students have a tendency to compose essays about. But additionally, there are possible formulations in the shape of questions to which answers are offered in the essay. Don't forget that although the principal element of a narrative is the story, it's still true that you must back up what you say. Remember that although it is the story, details must be carefully selected to support, explain, and enhance the story. Write short narrative isn't a novel, while an outline ought to be even shorter. Use the right length to come up with your story. Narrative Essay Introduction Samples You might locate a lot of tips online on how best to compose a self-introduction essay, but here are a few tips that you might discover useful. Contrary to other object ive essays it not only provides the huge picture but in addition provides the inside specifics of the circumstance. Anyone who reads the essay should feel like they are experiencing the scenario in actual life. A narrative essay is thought to be among the most popular varieties of tasks that students get all too often. Give a concise introduction of all of the people that you write about including yourself. Without understanding how to deal with emotions and never experiencing the actual world it might be exceedingly difficult learning how to manage different individuals. Within this component of your introduction, you narrow your focus of this issue and explain why the attention-grabber is pertinent to the particular area you are going to be discussing. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. Narrative Essay Introduction Samples and Narrative Essay Introduction Samples - The Perfect Combination Last, use outside sources to help you receive the very best result possible. The instances that may be cited within this sort of essays don't really must be extremely rare and anything mundane can likewise be written on it. The subject of the narrative essay usually indicates the writer's experience and there's absolutely no need to use any data from the outside sources. There's a couple samples below that may serve as examples of narrative essays and the most typical mistakes that may occur when you manage this form of assignment. Try to remember that even though narrative essays seem an easy endeavor, it remains an assignment that should be ready on time. The introduction, generally, outlines the principal concept, sets the tone for a great many work, and introduces the reach of problems under consideration. It has three essential parts, each of which serves a particular purpose. Finally, it must conclude with a clear statement of the overall point you want to make in the paper. And always remember, you're not curing cancer, this is merely writing! Writing a thriving introduction demands a little time and effort, but the outcome will be satisfying. It's typically among the very last sentences in an introduction all subsequent content arrives to show this statement. Also, it's the last phase of the writing.

Beyond Stereotype and Comedy Analysis - 1785 Words

This model draws on the psychological perspectives that hypnotize stereotypes to possess two dimensions in their approach, which include warmth and competence. Bulk of the stereotype activities are based on the ethnicity or race. The social groups, be it the Blacks or the whites, are perceived to be warmth if they do not indulge in internal competition for the same resources; for instance, if college students do not compete for space based on their ethnicity or race, that social group would be described as warmth according to SCM model. A social group will be considered competent if they are high in status, for instance, with regard to wealth and knowledge. Consequently, lack of competition for the same resources depicts warmth at the†¦show more content†¦The 1970s comedy, especially by the African-American, was majorly centered on the inequality and the slavery aspects that the whites had made the blacks to go through; therefore, the comedy satirized the actions as well sp eaking the messages of deliverance from the bondage of inequality (Panek 2004). Richard Pryor specifically stereotyped the comics to reflect the whites as the people with greed for power and had little concern for humanity. In one forum he referred to himself as an unlearned chap who talked for people to laugh yet he earned enough money to be a master of them all. This is also depicted in the George Carlin comics who depicted the whites to be the superior beings. Comedy and stereotype Stereotype is all over in the comedy genre and it is as if there is no comedy without stereotype! A bulk of the people and especially the comedy lovers have most of the times found telling themselves that they can never believe in the stereotype; however, this negates the rule of social learning since they always see the stereotype and it is embedded at the back of their mind and therefore they subconsciously believe in those stereotyped messages. Prevalent in the entertainment industry is the comedic stereotype with regard to race and ethnic backgrounds which generalizesShow MoreRelatedThe Events Between 1939-1945 Became A Prominent Features Of The British World War1744 Words   |  7 PagesGerman efficiency, or the resolute militaristic faà §ade of a country planning to take over the world. Kronig (1999) appropriately refers to this as ‘the British postwar folklore’ that provides material for films, jokes, newspapers, adverts and TV comedies. It is through this prism of Hitler and Nazism that many will conceive and shape negative attitudes towards Germany. Walter Gorlitz, a former editor of Die Welt commented in 1961: ‘Of course, anyone is free to view the Germans as a dangerous raceRead MoreWinter Dreams Literary Analysis1282 Words   |  6 PagesWinter Dreams Literary Analysis The short story, â€Å"Winter Dreams†, by F. Scott Fitzgerald holds lasting impact today, mainly for the author’s ability to weave love, desire, emotion, and the moral fiber of an individual into a story. The underlying theme is centered on how charisma can drives a person to lose sight of their true goal in life, thereby finding pleasure in selfish gain which results in eventual loss. I will develop an analysis of characterization and theme in this famed short storyRead More The Simpsons Essay example1184 Words   |  5 Pagessubversive and demeaning (McAllister 1494). However, a more careful investigation of the show reveals far more than nose-thumbing gutter humor--enveloped in sarcasm and comedy, The Simpsons offers a thought-provoking critique of American politics, faith, and the American family. The Simpsons, taking prime-time television far beyond its normal scope, throws fierce political punches right and left. Caricatures of Presidents Bush and Clinton have shown up in Springfield during various episodes, BushRead MoreGood Country People, by Flannery OConnor1499 Words   |  6 Pagesher physical disability ( the loss of her leg), Joy does not have true experience concerning society outside of her home. Her lack of social interaction will become her Achilles’ heel that ultimately teaches her a lesson concerning society and stereotypes. By the end of the story, Joy’s abundance of knowledge is irrelevant when she is conned by Manley Pointer and left immobile in the loft of a barn deep within a forest. Besides being a bildungsroman, O’Connor also incorporates themes of the ModernistRead MoreRealism Theatre Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesRealism is the movement toward representing reality as it is, in art. Realistic drama is an attempt to portray life on stage, a movement away from the conventional melodramas and sentimental comedies of the 1700s. It is expressed in theatre through the use of symbolism, character development, stage setting and storyline and is exemplified in plays such as Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Anton Chekhovs The Three Sisters. The arrival of realism was indeed good for theatre as it promoted greaterRead MoreWhat Are the Difficulties of Translating Humour from English Into Spanish Using the Subtitled British Comedy Sketch Show Little Britain as a Case Study?12271 Words   |  50 PagesWHAT ARE THE DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSLATING HUMOUR FROM ENGLISH INTO SPANISH USING THE SUBTITLED BRITISH COMEDY SKETCH SHOW LITTLE BRITAIN AS A CASE STUDY? Charles Harrison BA (Honours) Applied Languages University of Portsmouth School of Languages and Area Studies Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences March 2012 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Chapter 1: Humour and Subtitling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Read MoreCulture Bias in the Media1778 Words   |  8 Pageschanges, if needed, can occur; and (2) there is a need to determine if the portrayals of minorities on television exacerbate racial stereotypes (Mastro, 2000). Devine (1989) contended that the negative perceptions and stereotypes of racial minorities are widely held and culturally embedded intentionally and inadvertently within the American public. Continuing with stereotypes on television does nothing to help the situation. Minimal representation, in conjunction with possible stereotyping, would accentuateRead MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night ( C. 1600-01 )2907 Words   |  12 Pagesexample were thought of as feminine, but both genders were allowed to weep given a suitable occasion. Most educationalists of the time argued that women (apart from royal princesses) were intellectually limited and should be offered limited education beyond the domestic. Women were generally seen as lacking rationality and likely to be led only by their passions. 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How Potato Chips Are Made Free Essays

The Manufacturing Process * 1 When the potatoes arrive at the plant, they are examined and tasted for quality. A half dozen or so buckets are randomly filled. Some are punched with holes in their cores so that they can be tracked through the cooking process. We will write a custom essay sample on How Potato Chips Are Made or any similar topic only for you Order Now The potatoes are examined for green edges and blemishes. The pile of defective potatoes is weighed; if the weight exceeds a company’s preset allowance, the entire truckload can be rejected. * 2 The potatoes move along a  conveyer belt  to the various stages of manufacturing. The conveyer belts are powered by gentle vibrations to keep breakage to a minimum. Destoning and peeling * 3 The potatoes are loaded into a vertical helical screw conveyer which allows stones to fall to the bottom and pushes the potatoes up to a conveyer belt to the automatic peeling machine. After they have been peeled, the potatoes are washed with cold water. Slicing * 4 The potatoes pass through a revolving impaler/presser that cuts them into paper-thin slices, between 0. 066-0. 072 in (1. 7-1. 85 mm) in thickness. Straight blades produce regular chips while rippled blades produce ridged potato chips. 5 The slices fall into a second cold-water wash that removes the  starch  released when the potatoes are cut. Some manufacturers, who market their chips as natural, do not wash the starch off the potatoes. Color treatment * 6 If the potatoes need to be chemically treated to enhance their color, it is done at this stage. The potato slices are immersed in a solution that has been a djusted for pH, hardness, and mineral content. Frying and salting * 7 The slices pass under air jets that remove excess water as they flow into 40-75 ft (12. 2-23 m) troughs filled with oil. The oil temperature is kept at 350-375 °F (176. 6-190. 5 °C). Paddles gently push the slices along. As the slices tumble, salt is sprinkled from receptacles positioned above the trough at the rate of about 1. 75 lb (0. 79 kg) of salt to each 100 lb (45. 4 kg) of chips. The Manufacturing Process * 1 When the potatoes arrive at the plant, they are examined and tasted for quality. A half dozen or so buckets are randomly filled. Some are punched with holes in their cores so that they can be tracked through the cooking process. The potatoes are examined for green edges and blemishes. The pile of defective potatoes is weighed; if the weight exceeds a company’s preset allowance, the entire truckload can be rejected. * 2 The potatoes move along a  conveyer belt  to the various stages of manufacturing. The conveyer belts are powered by gentle vibrations to keep breakage to a minimum. Destoning and peeling * 3 The potatoes are loaded into a vertical helical screw conveyer which allows stones to fall to the bottom and pushes the potatoes up to a conveyer belt to the automatic peeling machine. After they have been peeled, the potatoes are washed with cold water. Slicing * 4 The potatoes pass through a revolving impaler/presser that cuts them into paper-thin slices, between 0. 066-0. 072 in (1. 7-1. 85 mm) in thickness. Straight blades produce regular chips while rippled blades produce ridged potato chips. * 5 The slices fall into a second cold-water wash that removes the  starch  released when the potatoes are cut. Some manufacturers, who market their chips as natural, do not wash the starch off the potatoes. Color treatment * 6 If the potatoes need to be chemically treated to enhance their color, it is done at this stage. The potato slices are immersed in a solution that has been adjusted for pH, hardness, and mineral content. Frying and salting * 7 The slices pass under air jets that remove excess water as they flow into 40-75 ft (12. 2-23 m) troughs filled with oil. The oil temperature is kept at 350-375 °F (176. 6-190. 5 °C). Paddles gently push the slices along. As the slices tumble, salt is sprinkled from receptacles positioned above the trough at the rate of about 1. 75 lb (0. 79 kg) of salt to each 100 lb (45. 4 kg) of chips. Potatoes arrive daily at manufacturing plants. After they are checked for quality, they are stored at a constant temperature unfil they are processed into potato chips. Some manufacturers treat the potatoes with chemicals to improve the color of the final product. To make the chips, potatoes are fried in either corn oil, cottonseed oil, or a blend of vegetable oils. Flake salt rather than crystal salt is used to season the chips. * 8 Potato chips that are to be flavored pass through a drum filled with the desired powdered seasonings. Cooling and sorting * 9 At the end of the trough, a wire mesh belt pulls out the hot chips. As the chips move along the mesh conveyer belt, excess oil is drained off and the chips begin to cool. They then move under an optical sorter that picks out any burnt slices and removes them with puffs of air. Packaging * 10 The chips are conveyed to a packaging machine with a scale. As the pre-set weight of chips is measured, a metal detector checks the chips once more for any foreign matter such as metal pieces that could have come with the potatoes or been picked up in the frying process. * 11 The bags flow down from a roll. A central processing unit (CPU) code on the bag tells the machine how many chips should be released into the bag. As the bag forms, (heat seals the top of the filled bag and seals the bottom of the next bag simultaneously) gates open and allow the proper amount of chips to fall into the bag. * 12 The filling process must be accomplished without letting an  overabundance  of air into the bag, while also preventing the chips from breaking. Many manufacturers use  nitrogen  to fill the space in the bags. The sealed bags are conveyed to a collator and hand-packed into cartons. * 13 Some companies pack potato chips in I O cans of various sizes. The chips flow down a chute into the cans. Workers weigh each can, make any necessary adjustments, and attach a top to the can. Quality Control Taste samples are made from each batch throughout the manufacturing process, usually at a rate of once per hour. The tasters check the chips for salt, seasoning, moisture, color, and overall flavor. Color is compared to charts that show acceptable chip colors. Preventing breakage is a primary goal for potato chip manufacturers. Companies have installed safeguards at various points in the manufacturing process to decrease the chances for breakage. The heights that chips fall from conveyer belts to fryers have been decreased. Plastic conveyer belts have been replaced with wide mesh stainless steel belts. These allow only the larger chips to travel to the fryers and the smaller potato slivers to fall through the mesh. Byproducts/Waste Rejected potatoes and peelings are sent to farms to be used as animal feed. The starch that is removed in the rinsing process is sold to a starch processor. The Future Potato chips show no sign of declining in popularity. However, the public’s increased demand for low-fat foods has put manufacturers on a fast track to produce a reduced-calorie chip that pleases the palate as well. In the late 1990s, Proctor and Gamble introduced olestra, a fat substitute that was being test-marketed in a variety of products, including potato chips. Food technicians are using computer programs to design a crunchier chip. Upper- and lower-wave forms are fed into the computer at varying amplitudes, frequencies, and phases. The computer then spits out the corresponding models. Researchers are also working on genetically engineered potatoes with less sugar content since it is the sugar that produces brown spots on chips. Potatoes arrive daily at manufacturing plants. After they are checked for quality, they are stored at a constant temperature unfil they are processed into potato chips. Some manufacturers treat the potatoes with chemicals to improve the color of the final product. To make the chips, potatoes are fried in either corn oil, cottonseed oil, or a blend of vegetable oils. Flake salt rather than crystal salt is used to season the chips. * 8 Potato chips that are to be flavored pass through a drum filled with the desired powdered seasonings. Cooling and sorting * 9 At the end of the trough, a wire mesh belt pulls out the hot chips. As the chips move along the mesh conveyer belt, excess oil is drained off and the chips begin to cool. They then move under an optical sorter that picks out any burnt slices and removes them with puffs of air. Packaging * 10 The chips are conveyed to a packaging machine with a scale. As the pre-set weight of chips is measured, a metal detector checks the chips once more for any foreign matter such as metal pieces that could have come with the potatoes or been picked up in the frying process. * 11 The bags flow down from a roll. A central processing unit (CPU) code on the bag tells the machine how many chips should be released into the bag. As the bag forms, (heat seals the top of the filled bag and seals the bottom of the next bag simultaneously) gates open and allow the proper amount of chips to fall into the bag. * 12 The filling process must be accomplished without letting an  overabundance  of air into the bag, while also preventing the chips from breaking. Many manufacturers use  nitrogen  to fill the space in the bags. The sealed bags are conveyed to a collator and hand-packed into cartons. * 13 Some companies pack potato chips in I O cans of various sizes. The chips flow down a chute into the cans. Workers weigh each can, make any necessary adjustments, and attach a top to the can. Quality Control Taste samples are made from each batch throughout the manufacturing process, usually at a rate of once per hour. The tasters check the chips for salt, seasoning, moisture, color, and overall flavor. Color is compared to charts that show acceptable chip colors. Preventing breakage is a primary goal for potato chip manufacturers. Companies have installed safeguards at various points in the manufacturing process to decrease the chances for breakage. The heights that chips fall from conveyer belts to fryers have been decreased. Plastic conveyer belts have been replaced with wide mesh stainless steel belts. These allow only the larger chips to travel to the fryers and the smaller potato slivers to fall through the mesh. Byproducts/Waste Rejected potatoes and peelings are sent to farms to be used as animal feed. The starch that is removed in the rinsing process is sold to a starch processor. The Future Potato chips show no sign of declining in popularity. However, the public’s increased demand for low-fat foods has put manufacturers on a fast track to produce a reduced-calorie chip that pleases the palate as well. In the late 990s, Proctor and Gamble introduced olestra, a fat substitute that was being test-marketed in a variety of products, including potato chips. Food technicians are using computer programs to design a crunchier chip. Upper- and lower-wave forms are fed into the computer at varying amplitudes, frequencies, and phases. The computer then spits out the corresponding models. Researchers a re also working on genetically engineered potatoes with less sugar content since it is the sugar that produces brown spots on chips. Read more:  http://www. madehow. com/Volume-3/Potato-Chip. html#b#ixzz2LGhArQvs How to cite How Potato Chips Are Made, Papers

Climate Change and Small Island Tourism free essay sample

It was just perfected here† (Barbados Tourism Authority, 2010). This report is based on the article â€Å"Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados†. The purpose of the report is to introduce policies concerning the Barbados Island, to compare them to theories in order to outline the similarities and connection. Therefore, it was necessary to find an article which deals with the topic tourism policy, discuss the content of it with special focus on the mentioned policies which will be related to the literature. First of all, the chosen article â€Å"Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados† will be summarized to get a better overview about its content. The next point is a discussion of the policies mentioned in the article. Therefore, it will be explained if the article is written in a prescriptive or descriptive way, followed by mentioning the policies that are named in the article including a short description of them. Furthermore, an own opinion about the policies of all three group members will be given and supported by relevant arguments. In addition, the policies will be connected to the provided literature and corresponding lecture, as well as the theories are going to be connected to the theories. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn that summarizes the most important points and outlines the priorities of the policies mentioned in the article and the concepts and theories of the literature. Summary of the article The article â€Å"Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados† was written by Nicole Belle and Bill Bramwell, published in the â€Å"Journal of Travel Research† in the year 2005. The article analyses the different views of policy makers and tourism managers on the possible impacts of climate change on the tourism industry of the island Barbados. Furthermore, it deals with the possible reactions and preferred policies by those two parties. First of all, the authors describe the general problems of climate change in small island developing states which can have an impact on the economic activity. The warnings about potential effects, like a rise of the frequency of extreme climatic phenomena, a rise of temperature and the sea level, by scientific communities are already so important that they demand a coordination of international actions by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Even almost everybody will suffer under these and other consequences of the climate change, the small island states might be most seriously affected. They are highly vulnerable, especially their long beaches, but also their economy, as there is no alternative to the high importance of tourism, and they have a low adaptive capacity to the consequences. The next paragraph deals with the policy responses to climate change. It is important not to simply accept a problem but to try to reduce the impacts that could follow. Scientists are uncertain about the future climate changes and their impacts; it is not easy to predict them what is not positive for the authority of science. This leads to the problem that individuals and public policies do not see the climate change or corresponding costs as a priority. The individual responses depends on own interests and beliefs as well as they are impacted by media. To react successfully on climate change, the integration of knowledge and the many different actors being affected is needed. Motives, behavior and values of them need to be understood. There are many different opinions about what causes the climate change but it is important to care about the environment to protect resources. This is, nevertheless, still a big problem for underdeveloped countries because they are more interested to first of all fulfill their own basic needs. After having explained the problem in general the article focuses on the tourism development in Barbados as an example for small island tourism. The national economy of Barbados is highly depended on tourism. Many environmental and social problems came up due to the fact that there was not used a strong tourism planning framework when the development of tourism started. One example is the development of hotels near the sandy beaches, which is the main attraction. A first report on the impacts of greenhouse effects on Barbados was published in 2001 and highlights the three main consequences sea level rise, rise of air and sea temperature and changes in weather patterns. The research done by the authors to find out about the views on climate change impacts and possible policies is based on interviews and questionnaires addressed to policy makers and tourism industry managers. Furthermore, reports and studies by the Barbados government and a Caribbean organization have been taken into account. The results show that climate change is already taking place and the impacts whether positive or negative will affect the local tourism industry. It is compared to other affecting issues already very important. There will be high risks and impacts for the industry most of them connected to the marine environment especially the beach through alteration, erosion and inundation and the nearby coastal land which could get lost and end in a damage of the present tourism facilities. Moreover, an intensity of hurricanes could become a problem. Follow up challenges could be for example troubles with a sufficient fresh water supply as salt-water could get into the groundwater or wells and it is known that tourists consume a lot of it. A damage of the vulnerable island reefs could result in a further damage of the beach as well as a loss of tourists interested in diving. The milder winter in Europe and America could also hold back tourists as they do not see the need to escape anymore. To summaries, the responses of policy makers and tourism industry managers it can be said that their answers concerning the climate change impacts have been quite similar with only some slight differences. Next step was to find out about the different views on policy responses for the climate change. Required actions are to raise the awareness about the impacts by starting educational campaigns as well as to devise and apply appropriate policies. Moreover, a suggestion is to place new tourism facilities outside of the vulnerable coastal area. To get a future perspective, a diversification of product offerings seems to be necessary. To get more public awareness it is proposed to formulate policies which can also help to get the required political support. In addition it is advised to use strategies and policies to adjust and reduce impacts. Those could mean to build accommodation above flood levels and seawalls as protection. In particular it is necessary to give the beach more space to move naturally. Finally it needs to be said that next to the sustainable use of the coast line it is very important that the needs of all members of the society need to be taken into account as well as all of them should be open to some compromises. Discussion of the policies Is the article prescriptive or descriptive? Before stating whether the article is mainly prescriptive or descriptive, firstly the two terms should be defined. According to the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), prescriptive is defined as, â€Å"saying exactly what must happen, especially by giving an instruction or making a rule†, while descriptive definition is, â€Å"describing something, especially in a detailed, interesting way†( Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2010). Further, in regard to an area of a study, it indicates the subject rather than developing theories about it. The article mainly seems to be descriptive as the authors describe how the situation on the small island Barbados is in regard to its development and climate change including its impacts on the tourism industry. Additionally, the research methods include the interviews and questionnaires as well as the policy makers` and industry managers’ perspectives concerning their opinion of the impacts/ policy responses for climate change are explained very detailed. For instance, it is stated who exactly belongs to the surveyed policy makers and industry managers, their view on the likelihood of the six discussed impacts and the explanation of the policy makers` and tourism industry managers’ views on the appropriateness of different policy responses. The tables which can be found in the article serve to provide an overview (see p. 6, 37 and 38) reflecting the given answers. In the whole article it is not stated exactly what must happen in regard to the policies as the policies are rather suggestions than compulsory. What are the policies developed, described or evaluated? The policies that are named in the article in connection with managing climate change, are the five following: 1. Mi tigation strategies 2. Adaption strategies 3. Collaborative work across sectors 4. Policy formulation 5. Increase public awareness. The first strategy involves strategies to lessen the severity of the impacts while the second one refers to adjusting to the impacts. The fact that the adaptation strategies related to the issue of rising sea levels are likely to be of a huge significance as the majority of the tourism provision is predominately to be found at the coast, these strategies will be examined more detailed. The policy makers suggested for instance, the diversification of the tourism product in Barbados in order to remove the dominance of tropical beach tourism and as a result re-invent it to establish a softer form of tourism. The diversification also entails the development of the natural, historic and cultural attractions to strengthen the tourism industry. Possible adaptation strategies in the Caribbean involve three options in connection with accommodation, protection and a planned retreat. The accommodation option involves that new buildings could be built on pilings above flood level and the protection option that seawalls are built to protect natural areas. The planned retreat indicates the optimal way to conserve the beaches which are exposed to hurricanes by allowing them (the hurricanes) more space to move naturally. This given space provides a safe distance which refers to the so called â€Å"coastal development setback†. Till now, the setback has been 30 meters from the high tide mark what is considered to be too low so it has to be extended. It could contribute, for instance, to the reduction of beach erosions by allowing the beach zone to expand. Moreover, the assistance of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) can serve as a plan for adaptation. This Integrated Costal Management approach taken in Barbados is managed by the following legislative acts: the Town and Country Planning Act, The Marina Pollution Control Act and the Costal Zone Management Act of 1998. According to the policy makers and tourism industry managers, increasing public awareness of the climate issues including educational campaigns is considered as one of the most crucial policy response to the impacts of climate change in Barbados. It can be said that it is advisable for Barbados, to work in the future on the development of policies, not only in regard to the climate change but also for a general positive tourism development, and if possible implement them to prevent or temper the impacts of climate change in order to conserve Barbados as an attractive tourism destination. Opinion about these policies Own opinion student one: All the policies mentioned in the article and explained before are very important for Barbados and necessary to deal with the impacts of climate change in my opinion. Generally I think it is not possible for a small island like Barbados to do a lot against the climate change itself but still there are many measures that can and should be taken to reduce its impacts and hence resulting problems. I think formulating policies to protect the environment is most important especially to use Integrated Coastal Management. The most sufficient example in the text is to protect hotels and other tourist facilities against sea level rising and storms by placing them away from the coast. This would also help the beaches to have natural space to move so they do not get destroyed. The beach is the main tourist attraction of Barbados so it is absolutely necessary to protect it even if it means to build the facilities away and accept therefore longer distances. Another attraction for tourists is the coral reef. If Barbados does not protect these natural resources by policies it could happen that they lose many important customers. This would be a big problem because they do not have any other resources they could build on which means the whole economy is dependent on tourism and therefore the protection of the environment by policies. The problem is that the locals do not all see these connections yet and do not sense it as a priority. Therefore the increase of public awareness mentioned before needs to be implemented as soon as possible I think. This entails especially education so people know what is going on and why it is important to react as well as telling them what they can do themselves in specific. As soon as there is awareness about the possible impacts among all the stakeholders it will be much easier to fight together against the problems that could come up soon. Own opinion student two: In my opinion the discussed policies are all very important to manage the climate change’s impacts on Barbados. Especially, the adaptation strategies in regard to the rising sea level are vital to prevent the destruction of locations and accommodations near the coast. If they are ruined, a significant part of the tourism provision would be lacking and result a considerable loss of money would follow. In regard to environmental aspects, without costal development setbacks, beach erosions would lead to the loss of land and destroy not only Barbados’ beaches but also the existence of the whole island. All this indicates the necessity of using Integrated Coastal Management. Policies should be formulated and implemented as soon as possible. To my mind, to increase public awareness of the climate change and its impacts surely plays a major role in the whole process of developing policies. Through public awareness, all stakeholders should be alert how important this issue really is and that everybody should be aware of it and fight against it. For me it is obscure that still so many people working in the tourism sector as well as in other industry sectors do overlook or ignore the climate change issue as measures to cope with it probably increase the costs and lead to the decline of profit. Own opinion student three: In my point of view, the approach of the five policies is a good start to make people aware of the climate change and to prepare the stakeholder for upcoming changes by introducing a diversification plan of the tourism product. I embrace the survey instruments used to determine the opinion of the stakeholders, because it gives a detailed overview of the current awareness of climate change and the priorities of policies. I also welcome the improvement points through education of locals about the climate change and involvement of all stakeholders to decide on an official policy. However, since the financial opportunities are limited, the government and private sectors should rather look for foreign investors in order to realize their ideas. Since the island wants to implement a scientific research in fields such as climatology, oceanography and geomorphology in order to preview the climate change, a lot of experts need to be employed and a lot of equipment needs to be provided, which costs a lot of money. The political commitment to the Maldive Islands and the spectacular underwater policy agreement shown on TV for the whole world is a good example how to attract foreign investors in order to protect the environment and to develop tourism in a sustainable way. Concepts/theories Having a look on the study objectives for Barbados (Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados, 2005), five steps of the policy making process can be distinguished: 1. Examination of the potential impact of climate change 2. Study about the views of stakeholders working in the public and private sector 3. Assessment of the opinions of these two groups 4. Preferences of these groups for different policy responses 5. Suggestions for future research directions In regard to the first step, the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts of climate change such as the sea-level rise, erosion of beaches and salt water intrusion in ground water pipes are determined through investigations. Overall, these threats point out the main problem statement: Which policies need to be implemented to reduce the potential damages of climate change? Since the general motive of implementing a policy is clear, the opinions of stakeholders concerning climate change need to be considered in order to formulate a â€Å"official† policy statement (Figure 2: Policy formulation). In order to get all stakeholder of the island involved, both policy makers in government and tourism industry managers are interviewed and given a questionnaire. In total 14 policy makers and 50 tourism industry managers from various tourism sectors are surveyed with several identical questions and others unique to their situation. The quite equal involvement of public and private sectors represents the social-democratic ideology of Barbados, which is an effective way to involve all interests and to form a policy. As can be seen in Figure 1, the representatives of the government as well as interest groups influence the policy, which is again a product of their connection and compromise between objectives, goals, vision, mission, values, philosophy and tradition. After the outcomes of both views on the likelihood of climate change impacts are listed (see table 1 2 in the article), a first analysis can take place in order to limit the policy opportunities. In the second chapter, five different policies were named. Here the opinions of stakeholders are requested again (see table 3 4 in the article). After undertaking the research, an analysis of the policies can be made (Figure 2: Policy analysis). The most important policy on which both parties mainly agreed on, is an increase of public awareness. Especially the government has a strong interest to encourage actions for tourism and has a direct impact on the economy due to their presence in the public sector (Barbados- Politics, government and taxation, 2009). This leads to a closer look at the role of the state with regard to tourism. According to Veal, eight types of market failure can be considered to the tourism sector. Especially the point about merit goods is reflected in the article. Those goods can be services that need time, experience and even education in order to come to appreciate them (Module book Destination Marketing Management, reader, 2009/2010). Written in the conclusion of the article, the stakeholder evaluate the policy making process (Figure 2: Policy monitoring and evaluation) and look for improvements of their system. Here the state can get involved and implement education campaigns or in this case to encourage a joint learning between all tourism segments. Moreover, to cover most interests efficiently, all stakeholders should be informed and involved in a decision discussion for an official policy. On this way, it can be made sure that all people have the right to co-decide. All in all, a trustworthy relationship between researcher and people being studied can induce to better results of the survey. Since this article is only based on the theory of policy making, the practical implementation is still unknown. This might be a hint that the reality of policy making needs a couple of startups and improvements until it will be finally realized. [pic] [pic] Conclusion After summarizing the article, â€Å"Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados†, discussing the policies, expressing our opinion about them and connecting them to the literature and lecture, it can be said that the article is mainly written in a descriptive manner as it explains a wide range of issues very detailed. Further, in the article five possible policies are mentioned including mitigation strategies, adaption strategies, collaborative work across sectors, policy formulation and increase of public awareness. Referring to the opinions of the policies mentioned in the article, the group consistently agreed on the importance of these approaches to handle the climate change and its impacts. Special emphasize was given to the protection of the coral reefs, the education of locals in the tourism sector about the climate change and further attraction of foreign investors. At last, the content of the article was connected to figures and theories which can be found in the module book. It became clear that a policy making process consists of several steps including a detailed research, an analysis of the outcomes and a evaluation of the system to approach a official policy statement. Moreover, it is recognizable that both in the theory and in the article, the involvement of the government and the interest groups are important in order to implement an effective policy plan. Overall, it can be said that policies are essential to support sustainable tourism actions and the cooperation of all stakeholders are necessary in order to achieve their goals. Appendix Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados References Barbados Tourism Authorities (2010). Long Live Life. Retrieved at February 17, 2010, from http://www. visitbarbados. org/long-live-life. aspx Belle, N. Bramwell, B. (2005). Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados†.