Streamling the Employee Selection Process - 1603 Words

â€Å"Selection is a highly subjective and inexact process†. Examine this statement citing examples you are familiar with. In your opinion, what steps can be taken to minimize selection errors? STREAMLING THE EMPLOYEE SELECTION PROCESS A) SUBJECTIVITY IN EMPLOYEE SELECTION WITH EXAMPLES AND HOW TO MINIMIZE SELETION ERRORS Subjectivity in employee selection implies inconsistency and unreliability in the whole selection procedure. This renders it inexact. While interpreting the above-mentioned statement, we can have a critical look at the real life recruitment examples below: The statement implies â€Å"inconsistency and unreliability in the selection procedure† Reliability is minimized when two people evaluating the same candidate provide the†¦show more content†¦You can discover whether the candidate has the knowledge and experience you need. You can screen for applicants who expect a salary that is out of your league. You can gain a sense about the persons congruity with your culture. Always pre-screen applicants. 6) Fail to Prepare the Candidate If your applicant fails to ask about your company and the specifics of the job for which he or she has applied, help the applicant out. Prepare your applicants better for the interview, so interviewers spend their time on the important issues: determining the candidates skills and fit within your culture. Prepare the candidate by describing the company, the details of the position, the background and titles of the interviewers, and whatever will eliminate time wasting while the candidate interviews within your company. 7) Fail to Prepare the Interviewers You would not choose a college for your child or launch a project without a plan. Why, then, do organizations put so little planning into interviewing candidates for positions? Interviewers need to meet in advance and create a plan. Who is responsible for which types of questions? What aspect of the candidates credentials is each person assessing? Who is assessing culture fit. Plan to succeed in employee selection in advance. EXAMPLES 1) Here are the examples of subjective selection methods by the East African New Trading Company EANT Co. Ltd). They were found subjective and stereotypical. Poor reference checks EANT

Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Hydrogen fuel cells are potentially the energy beginning of the hereafter. Due to its efficiency and low pollution H fuel cells are far better than conventional gasoline engines. With increasing gasoline monetary values and pressing environmental issues, a new feasible energy beginning is required such as the H fuel cell, ( Swain, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2007 ) . ( 5 ) A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces current by the transition of H and O into H2O, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The first fuel cell was invented in 1839 by Sir William Grove. Fuel cells operate in a similar mode to a battery nevertheless they will continually bring forth heat and electricity if fuel is supplied, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Fuel cells run on H. Hydrogen is the most common and simplistic gas. It is exceptionally light and produces the highest sum of energy per unit of weight of 52000 Btu/lb, which is three times that of gasolene, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) A H fuel cell is made up of two electrodes environing an electrolyte. Hydrogen passes over the anode of the cell and the free negatrons are conducted into the external circuit. ( 2 ) The O passes over the cathode. Electrons are conducted back from the external circuit to the accelerator where the H and O recombine to organize H2O. A proton exchange membrane is the electrolyte. If a polymer exchange mem brane is used this must be hydrated to stay stable functionality, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) A Pt accelerator must be used to help the reaction, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The merchandises formed include H2O, heat and electricity. The two most promising fuel cells are the polymer exchange membrane fuel cell ( PEMFC ) and the solid oxide fuel cell ( SOFC ) , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The PEM fuel cell is used for transit such as in powering vehicles. This fuel cell has a low operating temperature signifier 60 A ; deg ; C to 80 A ; deg ; C and a high operating denseness, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The solid oxide fuel cells operate at really high temperatures of 700-1000 A ; deg ; C. This cell will be used in big scale power coevals such as in mills, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) One of the primary advantages of the H fuel cells is the low emanations, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) Gasoline powered autos emit pollutants such as SO2 and NO. Fuel cells rely on chemical science and non on burning which reduces emanations, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The lone gas released is H2O vapor. This reduces air pollution and combats planetary heating. ( 6 ) Hydrogen fuel cells are besides really effectual as they have the ability to covert fuel to energy from the minute of coevals. This eradicates multiple stairss and additions efficiency, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) If pure H is used the H fuel cell can be 65 % efficient, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . If impure H utilized a reformist is required to alter the hydrocarbon into H which lowers the efficiency degree, nevertheless it is still far greater ( up to three times ) than a gasoline engine, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Due to the fact that much energy is lost turning pumps and fans in gasoli ne vehicles the overall efficiency is really low of 20 % , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) In add-on to this H fuel cells achieve the letter writer of 65 stat mis to the gallon doing them a feasible energy beginning, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) The dependability of a H fuel cell is a major advantage. Whereas burning engines, such as gasoline engines, have many traveling parts that require care, the fuel cell has really few. ( 3 ) This will cut down care costs and increase dependability. In add-on to this a fuel cell will non travel dead ( as batteries do ) if there is a changeless flow of chemicals into the cell, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Although ab initio production costs would be high for H fuel cells this will diminish and mass production costs will go low because of the simple building of the cell. ( 3 ) Equally good as this the H fuel cell is safe. Unlike gasoline, H will non do environmental jeopardies such as spillages. Similar to petrol H will fire when lit nevertheless it merely becomes explosive when stored up in an enclosed country, which is improbable as H disperses easy, ( Anonymous,2002 ) 3. ( 3 ) This makes H fuel cells a safe option. Hydrogen can be produced from coal, natural gas and oil. Since these militias are being depleted it is a great adventage that H for the fuel cells can be produced from biomass, sunshine and H2O, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) There are many beginnings of H on Earth. Hydrogen is found combined with other elements, chiefly C and O, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) However it can be easy extracted and used to do the ultimate clean and efficient energy beginning, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Like all fuels and signifiers of energy H fuel cells have their disadvantages. One of the largest disadvantages of H fuel cells is that presently they are really expensive, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 2 ) ( 4 ) Many of the constituents that make up a H fuel cell such as the Pt accelerator and proton exchange membrane are dearly-won, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) This would hold to diminish mostly to be economically feasible. Once this has decreased, for illustration by utilizing an alternate accelerator, mass production costs will diminish, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The production costs of H besides pose a disadvantage. Most H comes from coal, natural gas and oil. The pollution caused by the production of H from these resources is similar to the sum of that of gasoline engines, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Hydrogen can be produced by sunshine and air current to power electrolysis which does non make any pollution nevertheless this is excessively expensi ve to use extensively, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Another job with H fuel cells arise with storage. Due to the fact that H is such a light gas and disperses easy it is really hard to hive away a big sum in a confined country, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) The challenge posed is for applied scientists to fit the 300-mile vehicle scope. However this is non impossible as it has been done in some recent vehicles, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Research workers are besides coming up with new ways of hive awaying the H such the usage of H armored combat vehicles and metal loanblends, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) For H fuel cells to go feasible a PEMFC membrane must be developed that can run in high temperatures ( 100 A ; deg ; C ) every bit good as bomber zero temperatures, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) PEMFC membranes are hydrated to reassign H protons nevertheless at temperatures greater than 80 A ; deg ; C the hydration is lost. These high temperatures are of import as the fuel cell will hold an increased tolerance to drosss. ( 2 ) Fuel cells must stay stable where every bit presently when the vehicle is turned on or off or temperatures are high the membrane tends to degrade, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Further research is required to battle this. In add-on to this exchanging to hydrogen fuel would necessitate an accommodation of substructure where H fuel Stationss, grapevines and distribution channels are required, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) This is possible nevertheless it will take many old ages and money to construct, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Like all fuels hydrogen fuel cells do hold disadvantages nevertheless many of these can be combated with farther research and over clip, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Presently hydrogen fuel cells are non a feasible beginning of energy nevertheless due to their low emanations, high efficiency and many other advantages they have the possible to in the hereafter go a feasible energy beginning that is more effectual than gasoline engines. How to cite Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay Example For Students

The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay The Role of Participation in BudgetingIntroductionAlthough participation in budgeting may enforce the managerial performance, it has constrains and can cause some problems as well. This article analyses the possible advantages and limitations of the role of participation in budget setting. In the next section, the possible merits of budgetary participation are demonstrated. This is followed by a section that explains the equivocation existing in the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. Then, in the following section, some negative effects on the application of participation in budgeting progress are illustrated. The final section is the conclusion of the study. The Possible Advantages of Budgetary ParticipationAccording to the definition of budgeting, it is the estimation of all income and expenses for an accounting period or financial forecasting, planning, and controlling. (http://www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/b11.htm#budgeting) Comparing the budget with the real achievement of the company, it is possible to improve the decision-making process for the future development of the enterprise. So budgeting takes a crucial role in management accounting. Therefore, studying how to make budget setting more effective is important for the benefit of the enterprise. Participation in budgeting is one of the useful approaches. It bears some possible advantages, which may enhance managers commitment to budget objectives. The following discussion (adapted from Lecture notes by Professor S. G. Ogden, 2004) bears the assumption that there is positive relationship between participation and performance. The contradictions will be discussed later in the following sections. First of all, participation in budget setting can inspire the enthusiasm of the managers. Then they will intend to input more energy and time into the work to meet the budget targets. Because if they are involved in the process of budget setting, they will link it with their own knowledge, experience, and so on to make the judgment. This linkage renders the target of the company to be the participators personal target. Secondly, participation may encourage the creation of the participators. Creation is the characteristic of human beings. However, not everybody at any time has the motivation to create. When the budget is settled, and what the managers and employees have to do is just to meet the budget, they will not care about how to improve the budget, but just focus on how to achieve the seemly pleasing result. Thirdly, participation in budgeting could improve the communication between the budgetary setters and the participators. In fact, no matter to what extent employees involved into participation, there should be somebody to make the last decision. Then what is the meaning of participation? The answer is better communication. Application of budgetary participation could make the thoughts of the employees and junior managers upward to the budget setters, and at the same time, the aim of the budgeting is passed to the participators. The involvement makes the participators understand more about the holistic blueprint of the company, not just the plan for oneself, and at the same time, renders the budget setters realize the difficulties for the participators to accomplish the budget objectives. It is good for the harmonious development among different departments, associates and subsidiaries of the whole company. Otherwise, the unbalanced growth is not beneficial for the enterprise in the long run. Fourthly, budgetary participation will make the budget more appropriate, namely, achievable. Sometimes, the budget is disappointing for employees and managers, as they are too hard to accomplish. This can cause negative effects on the performance. If people think that it is impossible to achieve the budget on time, they will either reduce the quality of the work to just meet the measurement criteria of the performance or do things even more slowly as if there is no budget at all. Both of the responses are harmful to the company. However, when the participators join in the progress of budget setting, they can negotiate with the foreman to get the suitable budget targets. Anyway, only the employees and managers are familiar with their production capacities, and hence their suggestions appear to be more applicable for their specific situations. There are some empirical evidences to support the argument above, such as Bass Leavitt (1963) and Brownell (1982) according to Chenhall and Brownell (1988). However, the participation in budget setting seems to cause as many problems as it does for solutions. The problems will be discussed in the following section. The Equivocation of the Relationship of Budgetary Participation and PerformanceIn the last part, it is discussed the possible advantages of participation in budget setting. The reason why it is possible is that, according to the previous theoretical and empirical studies, the relationship between the budgetary participation and the managerial performance is ambiguous. Does budgetary participation really improve the performance? Or are they negatively related? Is it possible that there is no significant relationship between these two terms? There is no consensus on this issue, as there are empirical evidences supporting every perspective. Different researches reached different results. In the article by Chenhall and Brownell (1988), results range from strong positive effects of participation on performance (Bass Leavitt, 1963; Brownell, 1982), to unclear or insignificant effects (Milani, 1975; Kenis, 1979), to even negative effects (Bryan Locke, 1967; Stedry, 1960).( Chenhall and Br ownell, 1988, pp. 225.)Two possible explanations for these inconsistent findings are provided as follows. On the one hand, the effectiveness of participation may relate to the specific circumstances. (Milani, 1975; Chenhall and Brownell, 1988) Different national cultures, different environments of the firms, different positions of the participators in the specific companies, and so on, all kinds of variables (contingency variables) are inclined to affect the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. That is why under certain circumstances, the participations effect on the outcome is positive, while under other circumstances is negative. So the failure to carefully account for the circumstances in which participation works, versus those when it does not, would explain the variety of results. (Chenhall and Brownell. 1988. pp. 225.) This view is regarded as the contingency model view. One example is the field study by Milani (1975). His study used the sample of the lowest level foremen at the plant in a large international producer of heavy equipment. His result was that budget-setting participation related well with attitudes toward the job and the company, but the relationship with performance is, at best weakly supported. (ibid. pp. 282.) So no answer was given whether participation or nonparticipation should be adopted in the budget setting. One possible reason of the ambiguous result is the lack of control of other variables which may affect the validity of the study. These variables are changed due to the different circumstances of the company. Another potential reason was the use of one firm. So the result might be just applicable in this kind of firm. Raskolnikov's Vivid Dream EssayMost of the performance measurement is related to the accomplishment of budget targets, which can cause lots of problems as mentioned previously. If people can find more effective measurements to evaluate performance to reduce the relationship of budget with performance, the budget slack can be reduced correspondingly. The authority is for the effectiveness of decision-making process. The emphasis here is how much authority should be involved into the progress of budget setting. Too much or too little authority will not meet the expectation. Conclusion This article sought to improve the understanding of the role of participation in budget setting. Though budgetary participation seems appealing for its probable advantages, it can bear several problems. The underlying issue is its ambiguous relationship with performance. People are easy to get the impression that they are positively related, however, the empirical evidences tell something differently. The linkage between participation and performance should depend on different circumstances and different intervening variables. Even though not considering the equivocation of the relationship of budgetary participation and performance, participation still bear some problems, such as budget slack and the extent of participation. These negative effects can be reduced by involving other managerial methods. ReferencesBrownell, P. (1982). A field study examination of budgetary participation and locus of control. The Accounting Review. Vol. 57. pp. 766-777. Brownell, P. and McInne s, M. (1986). Budgetary participation, motivation and managerial performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 587-600. Chenhall, R. (1986). Authoritarianism and participative budgeting: a dyadic analysis. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 263-272. Chenhall, R. H. and Brownell, P. (1988). The effect of participative budgeting on job satisfaction and performance: Role ambiguity as an intervening variable. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 13. pp. 225-233. Collins, F. (1978). The interaction of budget characteristics and personality variables with budget response attitudes. The Accounting Review. Vol. 53. pp. 324-335. Dunk, A. S. (1989). Budget emphasis, budgetary participation and managerial performance: A note. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 14. pp. 321-324Dunk, A. S. (1993). The effects of job-related tension on managerial performance in participative budgetary settings. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 18. pp. 575-585. Hartmann, F. G. H. (2000). The appropriateness of RAPM: toward the further development of theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 25. pp. 451-482. Lau, M. C. (2001). Budget emphasis, participation, task difficulty and performance: the effect of diversity within culture. Accounting and Business Research. Vol. 31. pp. 37. Abstract. Merchant, K. A. (1981). The Design of the Corporate Budgeting System: Influences on Managerial Behavior and Performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 56. pp. 813-829. Milani, K. (1975). The relationship of participation in budget setting to industrial supervisor performance and attitudes: a field study. The Accounting Review. Vol. 50. pp. 274-284.