Streamling the Employee Selection Process - 1603 Words

â€Å"Selection is a highly subjective and inexact process†. Examine this statement citing examples you are familiar with. In your opinion, what steps can be taken to minimize selection errors? STREAMLING THE EMPLOYEE SELECTION PROCESS A) SUBJECTIVITY IN EMPLOYEE SELECTION WITH EXAMPLES AND HOW TO MINIMIZE SELETION ERRORS Subjectivity in employee selection implies inconsistency and unreliability in the whole selection procedure. This renders it inexact. While interpreting the above-mentioned statement, we can have a critical look at the real life recruitment examples below: The statement implies â€Å"inconsistency and unreliability in the selection procedure† Reliability is minimized when two people evaluating the same candidate provide the†¦show more content†¦You can discover whether the candidate has the knowledge and experience you need. You can screen for applicants who expect a salary that is out of your league. You can gain a sense about the persons congruity with your culture. Always pre-screen applicants. 6) Fail to Prepare the Candidate If your applicant fails to ask about your company and the specifics of the job for which he or she has applied, help the applicant out. Prepare your applicants better for the interview, so interviewers spend their time on the important issues: determining the candidates skills and fit within your culture. Prepare the candidate by describing the company, the details of the position, the background and titles of the interviewers, and whatever will eliminate time wasting while the candidate interviews within your company. 7) Fail to Prepare the Interviewers You would not choose a college for your child or launch a project without a plan. Why, then, do organizations put so little planning into interviewing candidates for positions? Interviewers need to meet in advance and create a plan. Who is responsible for which types of questions? What aspect of the candidates credentials is each person assessing? Who is assessing culture fit. Plan to succeed in employee selection in advance. EXAMPLES 1) Here are the examples of subjective selection methods by the East African New Trading Company EANT Co. Ltd). They were found subjective and stereotypical. Poor reference checks EANT

Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Hydrogen fuel cells are potentially the energy beginning of the hereafter. Due to its efficiency and low pollution H fuel cells are far better than conventional gasoline engines. With increasing gasoline monetary values and pressing environmental issues, a new feasible energy beginning is required such as the H fuel cell, ( Swain, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2007 ) . ( 5 ) A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces current by the transition of H and O into H2O, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The first fuel cell was invented in 1839 by Sir William Grove. Fuel cells operate in a similar mode to a battery nevertheless they will continually bring forth heat and electricity if fuel is supplied, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Fuel cells run on H. Hydrogen is the most common and simplistic gas. It is exceptionally light and produces the highest sum of energy per unit of weight of 52000 Btu/lb, which is three times that of gasolene, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) A H fuel cell is made up of two electrodes environing an electrolyte. Hydrogen passes over the anode of the cell and the free negatrons are conducted into the external circuit. ( 2 ) The O passes over the cathode. Electrons are conducted back from the external circuit to the accelerator where the H and O recombine to organize H2O. A proton exchange membrane is the electrolyte. If a polymer exchange mem brane is used this must be hydrated to stay stable functionality, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) A Pt accelerator must be used to help the reaction, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The merchandises formed include H2O, heat and electricity. The two most promising fuel cells are the polymer exchange membrane fuel cell ( PEMFC ) and the solid oxide fuel cell ( SOFC ) , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The PEM fuel cell is used for transit such as in powering vehicles. This fuel cell has a low operating temperature signifier 60 A ; deg ; C to 80 A ; deg ; C and a high operating denseness, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) The solid oxide fuel cells operate at really high temperatures of 700-1000 A ; deg ; C. This cell will be used in big scale power coevals such as in mills, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) One of the primary advantages of the H fuel cells is the low emanations, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) Gasoline powered autos emit pollutants such as SO2 and NO. Fuel cells rely on chemical science and non on burning which reduces emanations, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The lone gas released is H2O vapor. This reduces air pollution and combats planetary heating. ( 6 ) Hydrogen fuel cells are besides really effectual as they have the ability to covert fuel to energy from the minute of coevals. This eradicates multiple stairss and additions efficiency, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) If pure H is used the H fuel cell can be 65 % efficient, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . If impure H utilized a reformist is required to alter the hydrocarbon into H which lowers the efficiency degree, nevertheless it is still far greater ( up to three times ) than a gasoline engine, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Due to the fact that much energy is lost turning pumps and fans in gasoli ne vehicles the overall efficiency is really low of 20 % , ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) In add-on to this H fuel cells achieve the letter writer of 65 stat mis to the gallon doing them a feasible energy beginning, ( Anonymous,2002 ) . ( 3 ) The dependability of a H fuel cell is a major advantage. Whereas burning engines, such as gasoline engines, have many traveling parts that require care, the fuel cell has really few. ( 3 ) This will cut down care costs and increase dependability. In add-on to this a fuel cell will non travel dead ( as batteries do ) if there is a changeless flow of chemicals into the cell, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Although ab initio production costs would be high for H fuel cells this will diminish and mass production costs will go low because of the simple building of the cell. ( 3 ) Equally good as this the H fuel cell is safe. Unlike gasoline, H will non do environmental jeopardies such as spillages. Similar to petrol H will fire when lit nevertheless it merely becomes explosive when stored up in an enclosed country, which is improbable as H disperses easy, ( Anonymous,2002 ) 3. ( 3 ) This makes H fuel cells a safe option. Hydrogen can be produced from coal, natural gas and oil. Since these militias are being depleted it is a great adventage that H for the fuel cells can be produced from biomass, sunshine and H2O, ( Swain, D. 2007 ) . ( 5 ) There are many beginnings of H on Earth. Hydrogen is found combined with other elements, chiefly C and O, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) However it can be easy extracted and used to do the ultimate clean and efficient energy beginning, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Like all fuels and signifiers of energy H fuel cells have their disadvantages. One of the largest disadvantages of H fuel cells is that presently they are really expensive, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 2 ) ( 4 ) Many of the constituents that make up a H fuel cell such as the Pt accelerator and proton exchange membrane are dearly-won, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) This would hold to diminish mostly to be economically feasible. Once this has decreased, for illustration by utilizing an alternate accelerator, mass production costs will diminish, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) The production costs of H besides pose a disadvantage. Most H comes from coal, natural gas and oil. The pollution caused by the production of H from these resources is similar to the sum of that of gasoline engines, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Hydrogen can be produced by sunshine and air current to power electrolysis which does non make any pollution nevertheless this is excessively expensi ve to use extensively, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Another job with H fuel cells arise with storage. Due to the fact that H is such a light gas and disperses easy it is really hard to hive away a big sum in a confined country, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) The challenge posed is for applied scientists to fit the 300-mile vehicle scope. However this is non impossible as it has been done in some recent vehicles, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Research workers are besides coming up with new ways of hive awaying the H such the usage of H armored combat vehicles and metal loanblends, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) For H fuel cells to go feasible a PEMFC membrane must be developed that can run in high temperatures ( 100 A ; deg ; C ) every bit good as bomber zero temperatures, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) PEMFC membranes are hydrated to reassign H protons nevertheless at temperatures greater than 80 A ; deg ; C the hydration is lost. These high temperatures are of import as the fuel cell will hold an increased tolerance to drosss. ( 2 ) Fuel cells must stay stable where every bit presently when the vehicle is turned on or off or temperatures are high the membrane tends to degrade, ( Nice, K, Strickland, J. ) . ( 2 ) Further research is required to battle this. In add-on to this exchanging to hydrogen fuel would necessitate an accommodation of substructure where H fuel Stationss, grapevines and distribution channels are required, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) This is possible nevertheless it will take many old ages and money to construct, ( Snyder, A. 2003 ) . ( 4 ) Like all fuels hydrogen fuel cells do hold disadvantages nevertheless many of these can be combated with farther research and over clip, ( Anonymous ) . ( 1 ) Presently hydrogen fuel cells are non a feasible beginning of energy nevertheless due to their low emanations, high efficiency and many other advantages they have the possible to in the hereafter go a feasible energy beginning that is more effectual than gasoline engines. How to cite Examining Hydrogen Fuel Cells Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay Example For Students

The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay The Role of Participation in BudgetingIntroductionAlthough participation in budgeting may enforce the managerial performance, it has constrains and can cause some problems as well. This article analyses the possible advantages and limitations of the role of participation in budget setting. In the next section, the possible merits of budgetary participation are demonstrated. This is followed by a section that explains the equivocation existing in the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. Then, in the following section, some negative effects on the application of participation in budgeting progress are illustrated. The final section is the conclusion of the study. The Possible Advantages of Budgetary ParticipationAccording to the definition of budgeting, it is the estimation of all income and expenses for an accounting period or financial forecasting, planning, and controlling. (http://www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/b11.htm#budgeting) Comparing the budget with the real achievement of the company, it is possible to improve the decision-making process for the future development of the enterprise. So budgeting takes a crucial role in management accounting. Therefore, studying how to make budget setting more effective is important for the benefit of the enterprise. Participation in budgeting is one of the useful approaches. It bears some possible advantages, which may enhance managers commitment to budget objectives. The following discussion (adapted from Lecture notes by Professor S. G. Ogden, 2004) bears the assumption that there is positive relationship between participation and performance. The contradictions will be discussed later in the following sections. First of all, participation in budget setting can inspire the enthusiasm of the managers. Then they will intend to input more energy and time into the work to meet the budget targets. Because if they are involved in the process of budget setting, they will link it with their own knowledge, experience, and so on to make the judgment. This linkage renders the target of the company to be the participators personal target. Secondly, participation may encourage the creation of the participators. Creation is the characteristic of human beings. However, not everybody at any time has the motivation to create. When the budget is settled, and what the managers and employees have to do is just to meet the budget, they will not care about how to improve the budget, but just focus on how to achieve the seemly pleasing result. Thirdly, participation in budgeting could improve the communication between the budgetary setters and the participators. In fact, no matter to what extent employees involved into participation, there should be somebody to make the last decision. Then what is the meaning of participation? The answer is better communication. Application of budgetary participation could make the thoughts of the employees and junior managers upward to the budget setters, and at the same time, the aim of the budgeting is passed to the participators. The involvement makes the participators understand more about the holistic blueprint of the company, not just the plan for oneself, and at the same time, renders the budget setters realize the difficulties for the participators to accomplish the budget objectives. It is good for the harmonious development among different departments, associates and subsidiaries of the whole company. Otherwise, the unbalanced growth is not beneficial for the enterprise in the long run. Fourthly, budgetary participation will make the budget more appropriate, namely, achievable. Sometimes, the budget is disappointing for employees and managers, as they are too hard to accomplish. This can cause negative effects on the performance. If people think that it is impossible to achieve the budget on time, they will either reduce the quality of the work to just meet the measurement criteria of the performance or do things even more slowly as if there is no budget at all. Both of the responses are harmful to the company. However, when the participators join in the progress of budget setting, they can negotiate with the foreman to get the suitable budget targets. Anyway, only the employees and managers are familiar with their production capacities, and hence their suggestions appear to be more applicable for their specific situations. There are some empirical evidences to support the argument above, such as Bass Leavitt (1963) and Brownell (1982) according to Chenhall and Brownell (1988). However, the participation in budget setting seems to cause as many problems as it does for solutions. The problems will be discussed in the following section. The Equivocation of the Relationship of Budgetary Participation and PerformanceIn the last part, it is discussed the possible advantages of participation in budget setting. The reason why it is possible is that, according to the previous theoretical and empirical studies, the relationship between the budgetary participation and the managerial performance is ambiguous. Does budgetary participation really improve the performance? Or are they negatively related? Is it possible that there is no significant relationship between these two terms? There is no consensus on this issue, as there are empirical evidences supporting every perspective. Different researches reached different results. In the article by Chenhall and Brownell (1988), results range from strong positive effects of participation on performance (Bass Leavitt, 1963; Brownell, 1982), to unclear or insignificant effects (Milani, 1975; Kenis, 1979), to even negative effects (Bryan Locke, 1967; Stedry, 1960).( Chenhall and Br ownell, 1988, pp. 225.)Two possible explanations for these inconsistent findings are provided as follows. On the one hand, the effectiveness of participation may relate to the specific circumstances. (Milani, 1975; Chenhall and Brownell, 1988) Different national cultures, different environments of the firms, different positions of the participators in the specific companies, and so on, all kinds of variables (contingency variables) are inclined to affect the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. That is why under certain circumstances, the participations effect on the outcome is positive, while under other circumstances is negative. So the failure to carefully account for the circumstances in which participation works, versus those when it does not, would explain the variety of results. (Chenhall and Brownell. 1988. pp. 225.) This view is regarded as the contingency model view. One example is the field study by Milani (1975). His study used the sample of the lowest level foremen at the plant in a large international producer of heavy equipment. His result was that budget-setting participation related well with attitudes toward the job and the company, but the relationship with performance is, at best weakly supported. (ibid. pp. 282.) So no answer was given whether participation or nonparticipation should be adopted in the budget setting. One possible reason of the ambiguous result is the lack of control of other variables which may affect the validity of the study. These variables are changed due to the different circumstances of the company. Another potential reason was the use of one firm. So the result might be just applicable in this kind of firm. Raskolnikov's Vivid Dream EssayMost of the performance measurement is related to the accomplishment of budget targets, which can cause lots of problems as mentioned previously. If people can find more effective measurements to evaluate performance to reduce the relationship of budget with performance, the budget slack can be reduced correspondingly. The authority is for the effectiveness of decision-making process. The emphasis here is how much authority should be involved into the progress of budget setting. Too much or too little authority will not meet the expectation. Conclusion This article sought to improve the understanding of the role of participation in budget setting. Though budgetary participation seems appealing for its probable advantages, it can bear several problems. The underlying issue is its ambiguous relationship with performance. People are easy to get the impression that they are positively related, however, the empirical evidences tell something differently. The linkage between participation and performance should depend on different circumstances and different intervening variables. Even though not considering the equivocation of the relationship of budgetary participation and performance, participation still bear some problems, such as budget slack and the extent of participation. These negative effects can be reduced by involving other managerial methods. ReferencesBrownell, P. (1982). A field study examination of budgetary participation and locus of control. The Accounting Review. Vol. 57. pp. 766-777. Brownell, P. and McInne s, M. (1986). Budgetary participation, motivation and managerial performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 587-600. Chenhall, R. (1986). Authoritarianism and participative budgeting: a dyadic analysis. The Accounting Review. Vol. 61. pp. 263-272. Chenhall, R. H. and Brownell, P. (1988). The effect of participative budgeting on job satisfaction and performance: Role ambiguity as an intervening variable. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 13. pp. 225-233. Collins, F. (1978). The interaction of budget characteristics and personality variables with budget response attitudes. The Accounting Review. Vol. 53. pp. 324-335. Dunk, A. S. (1989). Budget emphasis, budgetary participation and managerial performance: A note. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 14. pp. 321-324Dunk, A. S. (1993). The effects of job-related tension on managerial performance in participative budgetary settings. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 18. pp. 575-585. Hartmann, F. G. H. (2000). The appropriateness of RAPM: toward the further development of theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 25. pp. 451-482. Lau, M. C. (2001). Budget emphasis, participation, task difficulty and performance: the effect of diversity within culture. Accounting and Business Research. Vol. 31. pp. 37. Abstract. Merchant, K. A. (1981). The Design of the Corporate Budgeting System: Influences on Managerial Behavior and Performance. The Accounting Review. Vol. 56. pp. 813-829. Milani, K. (1975). The relationship of participation in budget setting to industrial supervisor performance and attitudes: a field study. The Accounting Review. Vol. 50. pp. 274-284.

Paul Reveres Midnight Ride Essays - Foundrymen, Paul Revere

Paul Revere's Midnight Ride Paul Revere was a very patriotic man who would later save some of the leaders of what now is our country. Paul was a silversmith in the town of Boston. He came over to the colonies from France. His father taught him the silversmiths trade. He also became a gold and copper smith. Then on, He became very interested in patriotism and independence from Britain. He engraved alot of cartoons which were published in the Boston news papers. He was also one of the fifty people who took place in the Boston Tea party. He married Sarah Orne and had eight kids who most died at infancy. Then his wife Sarah died after having their eighth child . A few years later he married Rachel Walker and had eight more children. He served for the people of Boston as a special messenger.(101) On March 5, 1770 people were taunting the British and throwing snowballs at them . They got so fed up and started firing shots. Six people were killed. The Boston Massacre was just one of the many violent acts that were to follow. After the Boston Massacre the British removed all taxes except for a small tax on tea. Boston wasn't the only town who refused the tea just one of the most violent. Paul Revere and his accomplices came up with a plan. They would paint their faces and dress up like Indians and go aboard the boat that held tea from the East India Company. They emptied the tea chests into the water while people cheered from the docks. One man stole some tea for his own use had to run around town(100) with no water or breaks and they also nailed his coat to a wall which was some kind of symbolic gesture. After the Boston Tea Party King George shut off Boston Harbor which was Boston's only resource. Paul's first ride was to ride to other colonies and tell them about what happene d and to ask them for

The Tropical Rainforests Of The World Essays - Forest Ecology

The Tropical Rainforests Of The World Essays - Forest Ecology The Tropical Rainforests Of The World In this term paper, I will explain the great importance of the tropical Rainforests around the world and discuss the effects of the tragedy of rainforest destruction and the effect that it is having on the earth. I will talk about the efforts being made to help curb the rate of rainforest destruction and the peoples of the rainforest, and I will explore a new topic in the fight to save the rainforest, habitat fragmentation. Another topic being discussed is the many different types of rainforest species and their uniqueness from the rest of the world. First, I will discuss the many species of rare and exotic animals, Native to the Rainforest. Tropical Rainforests are home to many of the strangest looking and most beautiful, largest and smallest, most dangerous and least frightening, loudest and quietest animals on earth. There are many types of animals that make their homes in the rainforest some of them include: jaguars, toucans, parrots, gorillas, and tarantulas. There are so many fascinating animals in tropical rainforest that millions have not even identified yet. In fact, about half of the worlds species have not even been identified yet. But sadly, an average of 35 species of rainforest animals are becoming extinct every day. So many species of animals live in the rainforest than any other parts of the world because rainforests are believed to be the oldest ecosystem on earth. Some forests in southeast Asia have been around for at least 100 million years, ever since the dinosaurs have roamed the earth. During the ice ages, the last of which occurred about 10,000 years ago, the frozen areas of the North and South Poles spread over much of the earth, causing huge numbers of extinctions. But the giant freeze did not reach many tropical rainforests. Therefore, these plants and animals could continue to evolve, developing into the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth. The nearly perfect conditions for life also help contribute to the great number of species. With temperatures constant at about 75-80 degrees Fahrenheit the whole year, the animals dont have to worry about freezing during the cold winters or finding hot shade in the summers. They rarely have to search for water, as rain falls almost every day in tropical rainforests. Some rainforest species have populations that number in the millions. Other species consist of only a few dozen individuals. Living in limited areas, most of these species are found nowhere else on earth. For example, the maues marmoset, a species of monkey, wasnt discovered until recently. Its entire tiny population lives within a few square miles in the Amazon rainforest. This species of monkey is so small that it could fit into a persons hand! In a rainforest, it is difficult to see many things other than the millions of insects creeping and crawling around in every layer of the forest. Scientists estimate that there are more than 50 million different species of invertebrates living in rainforests. A biologist researching the rainforest found 50 different of ants on a single tree in Peru! A few hours of poking around in a rainforest would produce several insects unknown to science. The constant search for food , water, sunlight and space is a 24-hour pushing and shoving match. With this fierce competition, it is amazing that that so many species of animals can all live together. But this is actually the cause of the huge number of the different species. The main secret lies in the ability of many animals to adapt to eating a specific plant or animal, which few other species are able to eat. An example of such adaptations would be the big beaks of the toucans and parrots. Their beaks give them a great advantage over other birds with smaller beaks. The fruits and nuts from many trees have evolved with a tough shell to protect them from predators. In turn toucans and parrots developed large, strong beaks, which serves as a nutcracker and provides them with many tasty meals. Many animal species have developed relationships with each other that benefit both species. Birds and mammal species love to eat the tasty fruits provided by trees. Even fish living in the Amazon River rely on the fruits dropped from forest trees. In turn, the fruit trees depend upon these animals to eat their fruit, which helps them to spread their seeds to far - off parts of the forest. In some cases both species are so dependent upon each other

Definition and Examples of Epizeuxis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Epizeuxis in Rhetoric Epizeuxis is a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis, usually with no words in between. It is pronounced ep-uh-ZOOX-sis. It is also known as: cuckowspell, doublet, geminatio, underlay, and palilogia. In ​The Garden of Eloquence (1593), Henry Peacham defines epizeuxis as: A figure whereby a word is repeated, for the greater vehemence, and nothing put between: and it is used commonly with a swift pronunciation... This figure may serve aptly to expresse the  vehemence of any affection, whether it be of joy, sorrow, love, hatred, admiration or any such like. Examples ofEpizeuxis Mr. McCrindle had a sloping field. A sloping field! As if a farmer didnt have enough to worry about! (Magnus Mills, The Restraint of Beasts. Flamingo, 1998)Waitress: Shut up! Shut up! Shut up! Bloody vikings. You cant have egg, bacon, Spam and sausage without the Spam.Mrs. Bun: I dont like Spam!Mr. Bun: Shh dear, dont cause a fuss. Ill have your Spam. I love it. Im having Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, baked beans, Spam, Spam, Spam, and Spam. (Monty Python, the Spam sketch)I undid the lantern cautiouslyoh, so cautiouslycautiously. (Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart, 1843)I love scotch. Scotchy, scotch, scotch. Here it goes down, down into my belly. (Will Ferrell in Anchorman, 2004)Theres little in taking or giving,Theres little in water or wine;This living, this living, this livingWas never a project of mine.(Dorothy Parker, Coda)Bad, fast! Fast! Fast! Last night I cut the light off in my bedroom, hit the switch and was in the bed before the room was dark. (Muhammad Ali , When We Were Kings, 1996) And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life!Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life,And thou no breath at all? Thoult come no more,Never, never, never, never!(William Shakespeare, King Lear)Phil Spector tamps his frontal lobes and closes his eyes and holds his breath. As long as he holds his breath, it will not rain, there will be no raindrops, no schizoid water wobbling, sideways, straight back, it will be an even, even, even, even, even, even, even world. (Tom Wolfe, The First Tycoon of Teen. The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, 1965)Its a twister! Its a twister! (Zeke in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)Strong men also cry. Strong men also cry. (The Big Lebowski in The Big Lebowski, 1998)Give me a break! Give me a break! Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar! (advertising jingle)Im shocked, shocked to find that gambling is going on in here! (Captain Renault in Casablanca, 1942)All you hear from guys is desire, desire, desire, knocking its way out of the breast, and fear, striking and striking. Enough already! (Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King. Viking, 1959) For a nation which has an almost evil reputation for bustle, bustle, bustle, and rush, rush, rush, we spend an enormous amount of time standing around in line in front of windows, just waiting. (Robert Benchley, Back in Line. Benchleyor Else! 1947)Frank: Where’s the island? Where’s the island? Where the hell’s the island?Hurley: It’s gone.(â€Å"There’s No Place Like Home.† Lost, 2008)Oh you need fluff, fluff, fluffTo make a fluffer nutter,Marshmallow fluff and lots of peanut butter.First you spread, spread, spreadYour bread with peanut butter,Add marshmallow fluff and have a fluffernutter.(advertising jingle)All around me are familiar facesWorn out places, worn out facesBright and early for their daily racesGoing nowhere, going nowhere.(Tears for Fears, Mad World)

Cheshire Neighbours Credit Union Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cheshire Neighbours Credit Union - Case Study Example The study made three important findings. Firstly, Cheshire credit union unlike other financial institutions has but members and not customers. This has become part of the company's culture. To the company the institutions exist to cater for the needs of all the members. Secondly, we find out that the activities of the credit union are affected by all the environmental factors listed on the framework. Through the credit union principles of savings and loans, the company has been able to break through local market saturation, gain market potentials, and make financial gains. In addition, its continuous emphasis of savings and loans has created awareness for consumer's existing problem. Through this, new line of products is developed and with it effective marketing strategy the products are pushed to the customers through integrated marketing. Thus, through new products customers are pushed into recognising an existing problem. Today's business environment has increasingly become more turbulent, chaotic and challenging. To survive in this environment, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 2004:1). ... Globalisation has not only altered the natu and the intensity of competition but has had to dictate and shape organisations in terms of what consumers wants, how and when they want it and what they are prepared to pay for it (Hagan 1996:1). Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). In business, environmental analysis is an appreciation of an organisations activities vis--vis its environment (Lin& Lee 2006). Such analysis has become imperatively necessary in the light of increase competition as present, subsequent operations and strategies direction will be dependent on the result (Lin& Lee 2006). According to wikipedia, it is a process by which a business gathers information from the environment to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. In analysing the environment, the tool kits frequently used include The PESTLE Framework SWOT Analysis Porters five forces Competitors analysis Core competence This paper uses some of the above framework to gather information about Cheshire Neighbours Credit Union. The first part of the paper provides an overview about Cheshire credit union, while part two of the paper uses the PESTLE framework and Porters five forces framework to see how

Brake disc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brake disc - Essay Example The braking system is a crucial element of modern day automobiles (Kuroki, et al., 2000, p.34). Apart from automobiles, the brake system also plays a critical role in bicycles, carts, motorcycles and other motor-propelled machines in the transport sector. It is argued that the operation of the brake system involves a lot of friction between the brake disc and the wheel. In scientific terms, it is the change of kinetic energy into heat energy. During this process, the car rotor rotates in the clockwise direction, as the driver steps on the brake pedal the disc is pushed towards the rotor. The resultant friction causes the vehicle to stop (Brancolini, 2003, p. 441). The brake system is comprises three key parts the iron disc, the brake pads, and hydraulic pistons. The metal disc is fixed on the wheel on which friction is applied by the brake pad. The hydraulic pistons control the movement of the brake pads. The entire braking process is initiated the brake pedal. As the driver steps on the brake pedal, the hydraulic fluid moves from the master cylinder to the slave cylinder. As a result, it pushes the slave pistons; the slave piston pushes the brake pad on the metal disc. The resultant friction stops the vehicle. The hydraulic system reduces work easier since the pressure exacted on the lever is distributed to all wheels (Miller, 2002, p.43). Friction is a primary cause of wear and tear of the brake disc. Therefore, a number of conditions should be met to enhance its durability. During the braking process, kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. As a result, the temperature of the brake disc increases significantly. The high temperature has a major effect on the brake disc material resulting in wear and tear of the brake disc. According to research, the temperature generated on the brake disc is estimated to range from 300 to 800 degrees Celsius. Such high temperature causes the brakes disc to crack hence rendering it useless

Hereford Plays series Essay Example for Free

Hereford Plays series Essay After the complex events of the scene before, Marco jumps in to try and regain his brothers dignity. This is his family and he cannot let Rodolpho be disgraced like that or be hurt; whether it was just a stagger or not, Eddie was out of order and Marco wont allow it. As Catherine and Rodolpho dance, Marco discusses a friendly challenge: Marco takes a chair and places it in front of Eddie. Eddie has to lift the chair as far up as he can with one hand holding it by the bottom of one leg. As Eddie kneels and grasps the leg he lifts it by an inch whereas when Marco tries it he lifts it all the way above his head. This simple action obviously had a motive behind it: to warn Eddie to lay off his brother but Eddie consciously knows that he wont give up that easily. Marco has shown that Eddie may think hes more of a man than Rodolpho but Marco is more of a man than Eddie; this event has generally shamed Eddie in his home, which is something this character feels very strongly about as the head of the household. The scene needs a sense of oppositon and competition. In order to emphasise what is to be a true test of strength, the onlookers (Rodolpho, Catherine and Beatrice) need to have complete awareness and support of Marcos triumph. In this scene you have to visually compare the failure of Eddie in comparison to the triumph of Marco. While Marco is lifting the chair he is struggling and the tension in his neck, face, arms and especially his facial expression is needed to portray not just victory of lifting the chair but the victory of putting Eddie to shame and gaining some respect for his brother. This scene is a turning point in the story because Eddie now knows that if he wants Rodolpho out of his life hell may have to take even more extreme measures and the battle has turned from not just putting Catherine off of Rodolpho but to get these immigrants out of his house. Its important for its visual impact on the audience because its dramatic actions of a fight for strength and self-dignity turns the whole generalisation of the story from a happy family get-together into a potential crime against his (Eddies) family and the Sicilian community (as quoted from synopsis/pri cis of the book). Its also important because it shows Marcos justified slyness; justified because he has dishonoured Eddie but only in retaliation to Eddie taking advantage of Rodolpho. As soon as Marco said Here and started to lift the chair it is the beginning of Eddies slowly increasing shame and disgrace. The victory celebration should idealistically be a smiled expression (from Marco) as if to imply to Eddie that no-one messes with his brother or else theyll answer to him. As director I would issue the following instructions: Catherine: youre enjoying your dance with Rodolpho and you are nai ve as to what might be going on with Eddie and Marco so keep off guard and treat the situation as though its just a bit of fun between them. Beatrice: you have realised that Eddie feels discomforted at the weak position that he has been put in; however you believed that he deserved it and you are just hoping that Eddie has learned his lesson and will not interfere again. Act supportive at his distress but dont destroy is ride by talking about it too much (as your character would naturally do) Eddie: you have to accept Marcos offer very boldly and confidently as Catherine might be watching and you dont want to back down now. Your facial expression has to show repressed rage at Marco; grind your teeth and be silent to keep your pride, you want everyone else in the room to feel that what has happened doesnt mean or prove anything so get on as though it didnt happen although youre still much aware of the damage that Marco has done Marco: you are proud of what you have accomplished but youre not going to look like a show off; if you win gracefully it will add to Eddies shame which is something you want to do. Your facial expression should say Im triumphant and taking it well In conclusion, Eddie cares about his family and the responsibilities that come with it. He was strict in the upbringing of Catherine and had the utmost respect for his wife. Even though he made a fool of himself and died just for his name (his dignity) we must recognise he had a strong and defiant will or view that was his own and that he fought to uphold, such as his primitive mans view that there must be a law that keeps Catherine from marrying Rodolpho because he is supposedly a homosexual. The bottom line is Eddie should have settled for half meaning he brought Catherine up and now it was time to let her go. So in the end, Eddie dies to keep his pride and his name but doesnt even gain the audiences admiration because his actions were unnecessary. As quoted by E. R. Wood, who wrote the introduction in the Hereford Plays series (1975) publication of A View From The Bridge, To be a tragic hero, you do not have to be in the right; you have to be true to yourself. So Eddie was guilty of destroying the lives of these immigrants and the only honourable way out was to die.

Down Syndrome Essay examples -- genetic disorder

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Ã‚  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mosaic Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in some of the cells. In Mosaic some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an extra chromosome 21. Mosaic Trisomy 21 occurs in 2-3% of patients with Down syndrome. Mosaic Trisomy produces a wide range of possibility of a person having physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translocation Trisomy occurs when the extra copy of chromosome 21 or a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome. Usually the chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14. About 3-4% of patients with Down syndrome have Translocation Trisomy 21.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone can be born with Down syndrome because it is a random event. Down syndrome is not usually inherited, but can be inherited... Down Syndrome Essay examples -- genetic disorder Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Ã‚  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mosaic Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in some of the cells. In Mosaic some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an extra chromosome 21. Mosaic Trisomy 21 occurs in 2-3% of patients with Down syndrome. Mosaic Trisomy produces a wide range of possibility of a person having physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translocation Trisomy occurs when the extra copy of chromosome 21 or a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome. Usually the chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14. About 3-4% of patients with Down syndrome have Translocation Trisomy 21.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone can be born with Down syndrome because it is a random event. Down syndrome is not usually inherited, but can be inherited...

Cell Phones Do Not Cause Any Health Problems

In today’s world, cell phones are part of a life. As the technology improves more and more people are buying cell phones. Many new cell phones are like a small computer, as they have a picture and video camera, web browsing, music player, internal storage, and many other features. â€Å"Statistics show that 79% of the U. S. population and 90% of European and Asian teens own a cell phone† (O’Keefe, 2008, p. 671). In some countries around the world such as Israel, Hong Kong, Italy, and the Czech Republic, there are more cell phones than people (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. ). In 1993, a man named David Raynard from Florida appeared on the Larry King Live and accused a cell phone industry that his wife died because of cancer that was caused by a cell the use. From that time cell phone radiation has been one of main concerns to people (Park, 2001, p. 166), but since then several studies have proved that cell phones do not cause any health problems. There are two types of radiations, ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation consists of Gamma rays, X-Rays and ultraviolet radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to damage the nucleus of atoms causing damage to DNA which could lead to changes in chemical reactions in the body (How Cell-phone Radiation Works, 2001). Cell phones function at 900 or 1800 MHz frequencies. These frequencies fall within the same part of the radiation spectrum as the radios and televisions which are referred to Radio Frequency Radiation. Radio Frequency Radiation falls in the range of non-ionizing radiation (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 6). Non-ionizing radiation consists of radio, television, cell phones, microwave, and visible light (â€Å"How Cell-phone Radiation Works†, 2001). Non- ionizing radiation has enough energy to change the energy levels of the electron, but doesn’t have enough energy to destroy or move any part of an atom. This causes increase in heat level of the area that could be close to source of radiation. This states that RFR from cell phone does not harm the human tissue from heat. Besides the heating of the tissues, there are some other theories that say â€Å"extremely low frequency magnetic fields† might affect the production of some antioxidants and/or stop the production of the chemicals that stop cellular mutation. There is also another theory that says low frequency electromagnetic fields change the structure of DNA, but these are just theories for now (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 6). For the electronic devices not to cause harm, the law requires safety standards to limit and periodically update the maximum amount of exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has issued standards for general public and working people. Working people refers to those people who are working in an area where they are exposed to Radio Frequency Radiation. Exposure limit for working people is higher than the general public, because working people are aware that they are being exposed to the radiation unlike the general public that is not aware of the exposure and cannot avoid or decrease the exposure (Barnes, 1999, p. 21). The limit for exposure for working people is 0. 4W/kg and for the public is 0. 08W/kg. Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation from cell phone and cell phone stations are investigated by the World Health Organization (WHO). â€Å"According to WHO, exposure to [Radio Frequency Radiation] from base stations is actually only 0. 002% to 2% of the levels of international exposure guidelines, lower or comparable to exposure from radio or television. † (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 7). WHO is also helping the researchers to fully understand Radio Frequency Radiation exposure. There have many researches that have been done trying to look for a link between cancer and cell phone radiation. Some studies have been done by collecting data from records and looking for any links between cell phone and cancer. While other actually test at affect of cell phone on living beings. These researches test to see how much radiation was absorbed and even after that if increases the chances of having health problems One of biggest researches included a study that was done in Denmark. IT included a list of cell phone users that subscribed from January 1982 until December 1995. The list was obtained from the two cell phone companies that provided service to the user in the Denmark. The list also contained contact information of the cell phone users, and what kinds of cell phones they were using at that time. Many of the users had to be excluded because there was not enough information to support the research. The final list had about (420,000 users) 80. 3 percent of users that were on the first list obtained from the cell phone companies. The median age for cell phone users was 37. 4 years and 38. 4 years for female cell phone users. Another list was obtained from Danish Cancer Registry that was used to determine the number of cancers from January 1982 to December 1995. The cancer list contained many different types of cancers including brain tumours and urinary tract papilloma that occurred to cell phone users. That list also separated sex and five year groupings. Most of the cell phone users subscribed to the service during the years 1994 and 1995. Using the statistics from the cancer report, expected numbers of cancers were predicted. The results from the study showed that the usage of cell phone did not increase the number of cancers to be found in male cell phone users. For female cell phone users the results were similar as males and did not show any increase in number of cancers. The number of people with brain cancer actually decreased even when the number of cell phone users increased dramatically; however there was increase in a few types of cancer, but the increase showed no relationship between the cell phone and cancer. The study also showed decrease in lung cancer after 1992 because of the decrease in prices of cell phones in Denmark. The usage of cell phones showed decrease in lung cancer because users were more likely to use a cell phone than some cigarettes. Many young people were spending more money on cell phone rather than buying cigarettes. In conclusion of this study, the results show no increase in any type of cancer that was related to cell phone use. (Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, & Olsen, 2001, p. 203-207). Another research was done in India to determine the neurological effect of electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phone, when cell phone is kept at different positions close to the body, by analysis of heart rate variability (sample entropy and scaling exponent). The study included fourteen male aged between 24 and 46. Electrocardiogram was used for 30 minutes on each volunteer to obtain recordings with three different situations. The heart rate of the volunteers was also recorded during all three situations. First situation was to get normal recordings without a call phone. Second situation was to have the cell phone in the left pocket so that it is closer to the heart. In the third situation, the cell phone was placed near the left ear. A thirty-minute break was given between each recording. Dame cell phone was used for the recordings. The results determined sample entropy and scaling exponent indicated an increase when cell phone was placed near the chest and a decrease when cell phone is placed near the head. However, the differences were not that high enough when compared to recordings from without using a cell phone simple because cell phones emit very low power to cause any significant change to heart rate that can be detected. (Ahamed, Karthick, & Hoseph, 2008, p. 709-711). There have been several studies that found that cell phone radiation increases the risk of cancer, but later when some of those studies were studied again, it was stated that cell phone radiation does not increase the risk of cancer. A study in Australia in 1996 found that FM and TV towers increased the rates of leukemia in children, but in a later study it was determined that towers showed no increase of risk from the exposure. Two different studies were done in Sweden and found the increase in number brain tumours from cell phone radiation, but when the one of these studies was repeated, it found no increase in brain tumours. Once again when the same study was done later on, it found increase of risk developing tumour. After International Agency of Research in Cancer sponsored the research and no evidence was found that cause increase the risk of tumours. Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 8). The studies about cell phone radiation have many limitations that prevent them from completely accurate answers. Several factors contribute to this such as there are not that many researches that researched for more than ten years, documents that show amount of cell phone usage are possibly to be bias, amount of Radio Frequ ency Radiation depends on type of cell phone and the location of the cell phone, and also it is almost impossible to test Radio Frequency Radiation exposure in an isolated area because there are always other objects emitting Radio Frequency Radiation. These types of limitations produce different answers sometimes to a study when it is repeated. It is possible for some researchers to bias to state their point. (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 7). In conclusion, there been many researches trying to find the answer to cell phone radiation and its possible effects. Some state that there is an increase in risk of cancer and other health problems, however some researches state that there no increase in risk of cancer and other health problems. (Kohli, Sachdev, & Vats, 2009, p. 7). To have improved future researches, the studies should be longer, ongoing for at least ten to fifteen years. There should be a study that is done throughout different countries in the world in both rural and urban areas. In my opinion, cell phone radiation does not increase the risk of any disease. If that was not the case then anybody who uses a cell phone would already have brain tumour and there would been a dramatic decrease in population. For at least now I think there are enough studies that support the no increase in risk developing health problems and everyone should believe those studies.

Competency Goal II Essay

I try to teach the children to stay healthy by getting the proper exercise that is needed for them. I take the children outside everyday if it’s not too hot, or too cold. I practice forms of yoga in the morning and the evenings with the children. This is to stretch their muscles, and to get their blood flowing. Exercising helps the children in the morning if they are still tired. Also, I’ve learned that the children have a better day when they are not tired and sleepy. Functional Area 5: Cognitive As a head start teacher I try to plan activities to develop strong thinking skills. I try to plan activities for cognitive development that make children think. I ask open-ended questions; play verbal guessing games, memory games, and other sensory motor activities. When I ask questions I use current events and experiences that the children can relate to. For an example, I’ve asked the children what happened to Goldilocks once she ran into the woods. Then, I wait for thinking gestures from the children. Their responses were the following: â€Å"She ran as fast as she can away from the Three Bears, she went home and told her mom, and she went home and called the police.† I also, play verbal guessing games such as, â€Å"Guess Who† â€Å"What is white, looks like a horse, and has black stripes?† The children guessed a zebra. I would do an activity like this after checking for prior knowledge (a story about zoo animals or a field trip to the zoo). In addition to open-ended questions and guessing games, I play the â€Å"Memory game.† First we look at all the pictures (starting with about twenty cards or ten mates). Then we place the cards face down and I model by picking up a card and turning it over. Then I turn over another and then the first child follows what I modeled. The children really enjoy this game. Their memory starts kicking in once I turn over quite a few cards. Lastly, but not limited to, I play a guessing game that uses the sense of touch. I use two paper bags, and each one has different contents. I put play dough in one and sand in another. I blind fold each child, allow them to feel the content  inside the bag, and chart their guesses from what they feel. They also describe it to the best of their knowledge. This game really gets them thinking. As a head start teacher cognitive development is very important as well as the other objectives for preschoolers. I try to plan activities to develop a strong thinking skills foundation for children. I try to plan activities for cognitive development that make children think, wonder, and explore. I believe that sensory motor games and memory games are great choices for developmentally appropriate actives to strengthen cognitive skills. Functional Area 6: Communication In order to know if a child is learning, I often ask questions. I give each child an opportunity to build their communication skills. Children really like when I interact and acknowledge what they have to say. In the morning meetings, I make sure that all the children have a chance to tell the class how they are doing and what they look forward to doing throughout the school day. While interacting with the children I remind each child to use their words in order to express themselves. Not only do I read to my children daily but I also play music with different vocabulary words in order for the children to learn new words daily. Functional Area 7: Creativity As a head start teacher, I once believed that creativity was a challenging task. When I start planning activities around the children’s interest, it became much easier. One day the children and I were discussing woodlands. The children where all excited to know that I planned a camp fire. I ask the children what could be used for a pretend fire. The children decided that a paper towel roll could be used as a log. Then I asked how can a fire be started? One child began to rub his two pointing fingers together. I said â€Å"Good idea!† Then I asked what could be used as sticks to rub together to start our pretend fire. Another child suggested that to use two yellow pencils. So we all took turns rubbing the sticks together. After the material was gathered together, I asked what color construction paper could be used to make our camp fire look like fire. Several of children decided on using the following colors: red, orange, blue, and even purple. The children and I placed the logs crisscross. The children and I  pushed the construction paper strips into a slip in the paper towel rolls. Then we used balls of white paper as marsh mellows, attached it to a pencil, and pretended to roast marsh mellows. One child said, â€Å"We need brown paper for gram crackers.† So the children and I cut squares of brown construction paper to make pretend gram crackers. This is how the camp fire was created. This was a creative activity that I planned around the children’s interest. I found it to be easier to plan activities for creativity by consulting the children first. I listen to their conversations from previous discussions and came up with the pretend camp fire activity. I have planned other creative activities using the same strategy to get the children involved.

The Definition of Mother Tongue Plus the Worlds Top 20

The Definition of Mother Tongue Plus the World's Top 20 The term mother tongue refers to a persons native language - that is, a language learned from birth. Also called a  first language, dominant language, home language, and native tongue  (although these terms are not  necessarily  synonymous).   Contemporary linguists and educators commonly use the term L1 to refer to a first or native language (the mother tongue) and the term L2 to refer to a second language or a foreign language thats being studied. Use of the Term Mother Tongue [T]he general usage of the term mother tongue...denotes not only the language one learns from ones mother, but also the speakers dominant and home language; i.e., not only the first language according to the time of acquisition, but the first with regard to its importance and the speakers ability to master its linguistic and communicative aspects. For example, if a language school advertises that all its teachers are native speakers of English, we would most likely complain if we later learned that although the teachers do have some vague childhood memories of the time when they talked to their mothers in English, they, however, grew up in some non-English-speaking country and are fluent in a second language only. Similarly, in translation theory, the claim that one should translate only into ones mother tongue is in fact a claim that one should only translate into ones first and dominant language. The vagueness of this term has led some researchers to claim...that different connotative meanings of the term mother tongue vary according to the intended usage of the word and that differences in understanding the term can have far-reaching and often political consequences. (Pokorn, N. Challenging the Traditional Axioms: Translation Into a Non-Mother Tongue. John Benjamins, 2005.) Culture and Mother Tongue It is the language community of the mother tongue, the language spoken in a region, which enables the process of enculturation, the growing of an individual into a particular system of linguistic perception of the world and participation in the centuries-old history of linguistic production. (Tulasiewicz, W. and A. Adams, What Is Mother Tongue? Teaching the Mother Tongue in a Multilingual Europe. Continuum, 2005.) Cultural power can...backfire when the choices of those who embrace Americanness in language, accent, dress, or choice of entertainment stir resentment in those who do not. Every time an Indian adopts an American accent and curbs his mother tongue influence, as the call centers label it, hoping to land a job, it seems more deviant, and frustrating, to have only an Indian accent.(Giridharadas, Anand. America Sees Little Return From Knockoff Power. The New York Times, June 4, 2010.) Myth and Ideology The notion of mother tongue is thus a mixture of myth and ideology. The family is not necessarily the place where languages are transmitted, and sometimes we observe breaks in transmission, often translated by a change of language, with children acquiring as first language the one that dominates in the milieu. This phenomenon...concerns all multilingual situations and most of the situations of migration.(Calvet, Louis Jean. Towards an Ecology of World Languages. Polity Press, 2006.) Top 20 Mother Tongues The mother tongue of more than three billion people is one of 20: Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Japanese, Javanese, German, Wu Chinese, Korean, French, Telugu, Marathi, Turkish, Tamil, Vietnamese, and Urdu. English is the lingua franca of the digital age, and those who use it as a second language may outnumber its native speakers by hundreds of millions. On every continent, people are forsaking their ancestral tongues for the dominant language of their region’s majority. Assimilation confers inarguable benefits, especially as internet use proliferates and rural youth gravitate to cities. But the loss of languages passed down for millennia, along with their unique arts and cosmologies, may have consequences that won’t be understood until it is too late to reverse them.(Thurman, Judith. A Loss for Words. The New Yorker, March 30, 2015.) A Lighter Side of the Mother Tongue Gibs friend: Forget her, I hear she only likes intellectuals.Gib: So? Im intellectual and stuff.Gibs friend: Youre flunking English. Thats your mother tongue and stuff.(The Sure Thing, 1985)

An Annotated Bibliography Niccolo Machiavelli Politics Essay

An Annotated Bibliography Niccolo Machiavelli Politics Essay 1. Colish, Marcia L., â€Å"The Idea of Liberty in Machiavelli,† Journal of the History of Ideas 32 (1971):323-50 According to Colish it is incorrect to interpret Machiavelli as immoralist and the defender of the state arbitrariness. Formulating rules of political success, he at the same time establishes moral frameworks of political activity. He clearly shows that the policy considering certain moral restrictions can be really successful. It is a special sort of restriction: their unique appointment to subordinate will of a The Prince to well-being and power of the state and to make so that he aspired not to own, and to general welfare and cared not of the successors. 2. Fiore, Silvia Ruffo, Niccolà ³ Machiavelli: An Annotated Bibliography of Modern Criticism and Scholarship, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990 Those studying Niccolo Machiavelli has developed the directory where many works have entered, books, Renaissance articles which has deeply affected developm ent of modern thought. A necessary source for researches of scientists and critics. There are many useful works of different time period. 3. Gilbert, Felix, â€Å"The Humanist Conception of the Prince and The Prince of Machiavelli,† Journal of Modern History 11 (1939): 449-83 â€Å"The Prince†, at least, explicit, is the tyranny encyclopedia where to the future tyrant almost divine mission of long-awaited clearing of Italy is attributed, and  «Reasonings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ » – the manifesto republicy and a panegyric of democracy which is repeatedly proclaimed the absolute kind of a state system. And if contest of such treatment  «Reasonings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ » demands known sophistical refinement the register research (and it is equal also amateurish) the opinions ever expressing the original maintenance of â€Å"The Prince†, will combine theses so dissimilar that it becomes difficult to believe as if their authors indeed expressed the same product. Th e first condemnation Machiavelli as advocate of the tyranny, aspiring to catch Medici’s arrangement, suppressors of Florentine freedom, have sounded at once after an exit of â€Å"The Prince† to the public. 4. John M. Najemy, The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli, Cambridge University Press, 2010 Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) is the most known and disputable person in the politician of an epoch of the Renaissance. Cambridge Partner Machiavelli opens sixteen original essays which have been developed by known critics, tell about his life, career on a post of the politician in the government, his reaction to drama changes which mentioned Florence and Italy in his whole life, his thought, sights at development, and corruption of republics and princedoms, class disagreements, religious discrepancies, and dialogue Concerning Renaissance with olden time. Machiavelli after long disputes and various opinions recognised as the great figure of the epoch who has supported usual human wisdom. 5 Jusim M. A. Ethics of Machiavelli. à Ã…“, 1990. Differently, the morals are interpreted by it as one of state mechanisms. According to M.A.Jusim the state and morals in concept Machiavelli is mono-ordered, and â€Å"historically and logically the state and morals have the general origin†. With it, taking into consideration as description Machiavelli of an origin of morals and the state, and its instructions that thanking the state to the established laws in the people kind customs are supported, it would be possible to agree, – if not definition Machiavelli of good and harm through the relation to political authority. However, in this respect it is impossible to recognize sights Machiavelli absolutely clear. Both in â€Å"The Prince† and in â€Å"Reasoning† he repeatedly specifies in national morals as the state system factor on certain type, as a source of a fortress and well-being of the state.

Article reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article reviews - Essay Example It revealed that children and teenage Hispanics were 28.9% obese ab 20.5% in the case of black people. Children who were considered severely obese as profiled above the 95th BMI percentile were prone by as much as 2.8 times of having hypertension compared to those who has moderate obesity. The study also revealed that approximately 5.6% of community population is severely obese that runs the risk of having hypertension. This is relevant because it shows how prevalent obesity is in our population. Imagine a staggering 5.6% of pediatric community population who has severe obesity. The media may only portray the aesthetic consequence of being obese as being labeled â€Å"fat† but medically, it has a morbid consequence of contracting hypertension which the media should also portray. 4. What is the method? How was the research collected? The data gathering was made through interviews of children and adolescents coming from different ethnic backgrounds. Qualitative research was conducted and data was extracted through focus group discussion. The study revealed that a child and adolescents social circle has different attitudes, motivations and behavior about their eating habit and this has significant influence among the other members of the peer group. This is unfortunate because most peer group adopt an unhealthy eating habit that is pass on to other members of the group. Every teenager can relate to this study. It basically says that social pressure induces a teenager to eat unhealthy food. Media is partly guilty of this issue too because they portray eating unhealthy foods such as burgers and pizzas to be the â€Å"in† food for teenagers and most of us buy it. Cnabers, Stephannie; Lobb,Alexandra; Butler, LaurieT; Traill, W. Bruce (2008).The influence of age and gender on food choice: a focus group exploration. International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p356-365, 10p Lo, J. C., Chandra, M., Sinaiko, A., Daniels, S. R.,

Robotic Surgery Technology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15500 words

Robotic Surgery Technology - Dissertation Example I have read the University regulations concerning plagiarism. I am willing to allow The University of Leicester School of Management to use my dissertation as a sample for future students. Signed †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Executive Summary This dissertation presents an examination of management perspectives for training, international medical licensing and regulatory requirements for robotic surgery technology using a predominantly qualitative approach involving a review of literature and semi-structured interviews of expert surgeons. A literature review elicits important themes from latest research to illustrate the utility of robot surgery technology, training requirements for robot surgery and regulative approaches. Semi-structured interviews seek expert opinion from minimally invasive robot surgeons, healthcare managers and those qua lified surgeons who are training to acquire skills in robot surgery on matters of interest related to robot surgery technology. Results of the investigations involving a combination of themes from the review of literature and expert insights suggest that a need exists for trying to do more to assist with the training of surgeons wanting to acquire skills in robot surgery. Robot surgery technology presents definite benefits to patients and surgeons. Thus, it is likely that robot surgery equipment will be an integral part of all modern operation theatres of the future. However, those wanting to upgrade their skills to include minimally invasive surgery using robots can face problems because they need practical training. In addition, it makes sense to lend... This dissertation presents an examination of management perspectives for training, international medical licensing and regulatory requirements for robotic surgery technology using a predominantly qualitative approach involving a review of literature and semi-structured interviews of expert surgeons. A literature review elicits important themes from latest research to illustrate the utility of robot surgery technology, training requirements for robot surgery and regulative approaches. Semi-structured interviews seek expert opinion from minimally invasive robot surgeons, healthcare managers and those qualified surgeons who are training to acquire skills in robot surgery on matters of interest related to robot surgery technology. Results of the investigations involving a combination of themes from the review of literature and expert insights suggest that a need exists for trying to do more to assist with the training of surgeons wanting to acquire skills in robot surgery. Robot surgery technology presents definite benefits to patients and surgeons. Thus, it is likely that robot surgery equipment will be an integral part of all modern operation theatres of the future. However, those wanting to upgrade their skills to include minimally invasive surgery using robots can face problems because they need practical training. In addition, it makes sense to lend support to harmonisation of regulation of medical devices so that patients benefit from timely availability of these devices cheaply.

Law of Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Business Organisations - Essay Example According to the QLD Partnership Act of 1891, there is a nature to partnership agreements that only holds partners accountable and liable for specific actions that are under the terms of agreement for a contract. According to Section 3 (1-15), liability issues of the business become questionable. Liability can be defined by the extent to which each individual is responsible for the other as well as through partner’s who breach the trust of other partners. According to section 23A, the liability not only includes basic actions and agreements, but also property and monetary value. Unless all property and money is acquired through business agreements, it is not a liability of the company. The rules to interest and duties of partners in section 27 also apply, which states that there is not a business agreement under the definition of a joint partnership unless each holds equal earnings within that agreement (Partnership Act 1891, 13-26, 2009). The first part to this is based on the term of partnership. Even though Jara and Alvarez are partners, Alvarez was not aware of the robbery or the deal that Jara had made with the robber. Under the terms of partnership, there is a joint ownership. However, this doesn’t mean that Alvarez or Jara is responsible for what the other owner does or does not do in terms of the partnership. Even though Alvarez and Jara are partners, Alvarez is not responsible for the actions that are taken by one of the members. This first defense doesn’t leave the company or Alvarez responsible for Jara’s actions. Unless he was involved in the act or had a joint agreement with the security used, he can’t be sued for his partners’ actions. Under section 3 (1-15), the definition of joint ownership does not include being responsible for individual actions. The second concept that applies under the partnership is based on the joint

Assessing The Homestay Program In Malaysia

Assessing The Homestay Program In Malaysia Homestay is not a new phenomenon in Malaysia. Homestay has been discovered in early 1970 where a local lady called Mak long who took guests and provide them with food and accommodation within her humble kampong house (Amran,1997). Homestay is a program where tourists stay among local families and experience their actual lifestyle first-hand-how they prepare and eat their meals, go about their work, their leisure activities and much more. There were about 286 houses participating officially in this homestay programme in 1997 throughout the country and the number of homestay has been increased to 2000 homestays in 2011 (Dept. Statistic Malaysia,2011). Homestay program can thus be regarded as a rural-cultural-community-based tourism product. Rural tourism per se may have existed for a long time in Malaysia as quite a number of nature based and culture based tourism products are located in the rural areas. However, it has only received recognition as a tourism product with the launching of the Rural Tourism Master Plan in 2001. A market survey undertaken to formulate the master plan indicated that foreign tourists who came to Malaysia spent 15% of their stay in rural areas. In the eight month to August 2009, there are 102,934 visitors participate in the homestay program nationwide with a turnover of RM6.5 million compare to 57,658 visitors with a turnover of 3.3 million during the same period last year (The Star, 2009). The idea of the homestay program is to accommodate tourists in a village with a local family, thus enabling the tourist to learn about local lifestyle, culture, nature (Louise Gai Hjulmand et al: ARBEC 2003). The core component of the Malaysian homestay programs, which differentiates it with homestay elsewhere, is the element of staying together with host families or adopted families. The guests have the opportunities to interact, gain knowledge, and experience the life style and culture of the host family as well as the local community. This element involves the guests eating, cooking, and engaging in many activities together with their adopted families, thus allowing two parties with different cultural backgrounds to interact and learn from each other. Unlike regular bed and breakfast establishments, the homestay program in Malaysia allows the guests to participate in the hosts daily activities. Indeed, this can be considered as an important strength of this particular product; no other tourism product in Malaysia offers a similar experience of Malaysian rural societies as that offered by the homestay program (Kalsom, 2009). The uniqueness of the Malaysian program is the experiential element with the host families as well as communities. Communities are the basic reason for tourists to travel, to experience the way of life and material products of different communities. Communities also shape the natural and landscapes which many tourists consume (Richards and Hall 2000). The realization that the community itself has become an object of tourism consumption has in turn encouraged some communities to reproduce themselves specifically for tourists. Through homestay program, tourists would be able to experience the daily life of the ordinary people of a community. The homestay program is a non-commercialized entity, as opposed to a hotel, a bed and breakfast, or a homestay run by an individual homeowner in a residential area. Background study The government have given emphatic stress through the ministry of tourism to the homestay program as it is a tourism product. The program having so many potential, a master plan was formulated in 2011 to advance homestay program as a catalyst for rural community development. The number of homestay providers in Malaysia has rising because it has the ability of providing additional income and likewise employment (9th Malaysian plan, 2010). Moreover, the government in their effort in enhancing the homestay program have created websites, where all descriptions, booking details and contact number are been provided. Infrastructural development are also a factor that is been strengthen by government in rural area. They make sure good road are been contractedly, constant electricity supply, provision of clean water supply and upholding the community building. Furthermore in the 9th Malaysia plan, the government put its centre of attention into the development of rural area through the modernization and commercialization of agricultural acivities and creation of new economic activities that must especially through the system of One District One Industry program The guesthouse nowadays, which are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are identified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In most guest houses or private homes, the host or family do not usually live on the property. Likewise there are limitation differentiating open area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host only. While the real homestay is all about living and learning the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and most homestay do not have restrictions to visitors, where there are free to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist will experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009). Due to the misunderstanding between the guest house that is presumed to be home stay and the experiential home stay, it causes a lot of confusion in the mindset of people. Most people or tourist takes the guest house as the home stay, which in turn makes them not to take the real home stay as their first choice of holiday accommodation. The reason that brought about this research is to ensure the clarity between the experiential home stay and the guest house (CHE) called home stay. According to the host of a homestay in Melaka, there is lots of improvement that need to be executed. In other to make the name of the homestay unique and set a good perception and image of the homestay in the tourist mind through consistent theme, otherwise known as branding. This will help to establish a major presence in the market which will at all time attracts and maintain the customers. This wills also broadening the peoples understanding on the difference between the guest house (CHE) and homestay, because of its uniqueness due to branding. The host also pointed out that the marketing effort for the homestay is not enough. This is because most people do not know where homestay accommodation is situated. They have to refer to the web, which in most, cases tends to be tedious and might lead them changing their mind into going for hotel. It might also confuse their perception again on the difference between guest house (CHE) and homestay. So in light of this, the government should upgrade their marketing strategy for the real homestay creating more advertising campaigns through the media such as Television, radio station, newspaper and even roadside advertisement, Likewise in airports, so as to draw the attention of tourist into going for the homestay. Research objective Research shows that there is a growing body of knowledge on homestay, specifically in the area of tourism industry. So the main objective of this study to understands the state of homestay development in Melaka. In order to aim the question and to conduct the objective of the research, an exploratory study is conducted and this will be discussed in chapter 2. Chapter 2: Research Stance Inductive reasoning is logics based on experiences and observation acquired in the real world, in which it makes use of experiences and experiments to arrive at conclusion. The hypothesis of an inductive argument shows some degree of support for the conclusion, but they do not require it. In inductive reasoning, the hypothesis is mostly based on facts and observation. There is also the tendency that that the hypothesis could be true whereas the conclusion is false giving that a logical relationship between hypothesis and conclusion is not necessary. The reasoning through inductive logical argument begins with specific observation, then distinguish patterns and regularities, generate a timid hypothesis which we can explore and finally wind up emerging with some general conclusion. The most common type of inductive reasoning is when we gather evidence of some experimental phenomena, and then make a general conclusion on all such types of phenomena based on collected facts. An example of inductive reasoning through medical science. Scientist in their research discovered that the average human temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. A person with 99.3 degrees temperature is considered to be having a fever and is given medication to bring the temperature to normal. This type of reasoning is inductive and obvious, nobody is entirely fit as an average human beign, not in weight, height or the talked about temperature. To make a conclusion that the right temperature of all human race is the same as the average temperature of a sample of individual members is incorrect. The advantage of inductive reasoning is able to asses hypothesis even if information contrary to the hypothesis is observed. It is flexible, more open minded and tentative most especially at the beginning. Inductive reasoning can be probable, believable, reasonable, because it benefit from a wide variety of probability. Moreover inductive reasoning takes place in lots of places, ranging from mere classroom to courtroom and even in the media. It is a reasoning that can start with nothing, and then make some observations which will lead to a conclusion. Inductive reasoning help us in providing new ideas that could increase our knowledge about the world. It helps in dealing with complications, likewise inductive reasoning allow us to deal with concepts with insufficient definition. Inductive reasoning is not the exact opposite to science or reasoning, it is the way science operates and progresses infect. In induction, most of the conclusions are uncertain and this is the disadvantage of induction. Truths and objectivity are been compromised in induction, so the need for the use of evidence arises. False analogy is also a disadvantage during argument from analogy and inductive reasoning cannot be rationally justified, because we rely on assumptions (David Hume). In philosophy, it is been contemplated that the use of inductive reasoning to justify beliefs is reasonable. Experiences gain from previous events or our memories allow us to prepare for the future. Even though the future is not certain through predictions and generalization, we can assume that what will happen tomorrow will most likely be the same as what happened today. We can make generalization based on previous information achieved, but it doesnt necessarily means it has the same amount of certainty as the argument. For example, all human that have been seen had exactly 10 fingers, 5 on each hand, so therefore can conclude that the next human that will see will have 10 fingers too. This conclusion is arrived at due to inductive reasoning and do not have the same certainty as the premises. Some human nay carry a certain gene that when born, may have 12 fingers, 6 fingers on each hand, Although the possibility of that occurring maybe low, but it is possible. So thereby makes the argument invalid. A prediction may turn out to right, but it does not necessarily mean the induction is reliable. There are several type of inductive reasoning, such as inductive generalization, simple induction, statistical syllogism and argument by analogy. Inductive generalization is a reasoning that advances from an argument about a sample to a conclusion about the population. It aims at concluding about events larger than the subdivision which serves as the basis for the induction. In other for this argument to work, there is need for careful collection of information. It is descriptive and exploratory. Simple induction is the induction that continues from an argument about a sample group to an inference about another individual. It is the combination of both generalization and statistical syllogism. Statistical syllogism is the reasoning that argues from generalization to an inference about an individual. It proceed from a generalization to a particular case. Argument by analogy is the argument from analogy is as reasoning in general it is not always in turn of an argument. It is mostly ab out learning or explaining things, description, solving of problems by broadening our thoughts from what that been understand to what that do not been understand. Reasoning by analogy is quite common in humanities, science and philosophy. Deductive reasoning is generally known as formal logic. This involves reasoning from genral argument, which are known or presumed to be true, into a specific and certain conclusion. Avalid argument is when the conclusion is most definitely true provided the theory are true, meaning that the conclusion directly follow the theory. The conclusion arrived atare inevitable, certain and inescapable,. Furthermore the conclusion is contained in the theory. It is a method of acquiring knowledge. A deductive reasoning is determined by its structure of the argument and moreover by the conclusion offered. Reasoning through deductive argument starts with a major hypothesis, and based on those ideas it draws the truth and conclusion about it. Deductive reasoning begins from the more general observations to the more specific. From a topic of interest, a theory is been formulated, then narrowed down to more specific hypothesis that can be tested and then further narrowed down after observation is collected to tackle the hypothesis. In the end, it eventually help us to be able to test the hypothesis with specific data which is a configuration of our original theories. It is considered sound argument if it is valid and its premises are true and it is unsound if it is invalid or it is valid but one premises is wrong at least. Hence, deductive reasoning is the logic used in proving things for certain. It is a formal argument that assumes one or more facts as self-evident, by following strict rules, it arrives at a conclusion. The verification of deductive reasoning conclusion depends on its correctness of the argument and the truth of the hypothesis. The correctness is determined by use of established rules. An example of deductive argument goes as follows: All mangoes are fruits All fruits grow on trees Therefore, all mangoes grow on trees In the above statement, the argument is valid and sound. An argument is correct even if its impossible for its theory to be true while the conclusion is false. Deductive argument can be correct even if the premise is wrong. An example of a correct but unsound argument is: All baseball players eat crab Lamar eats crab Hence, Lamar is a baseball player For this argument, the conclusion may or may not be true due to the premises being wrong, given that all baseball players dont have to eat crab, they can have other things as well. Despite the fact that meet deductive reasoning are based in particular on information and science logic, there are general ones also such as: Members of a family include: Yusuf, Selena, Bella Yusuf is rich Selena is rich Bella is rich Hence, all members of the family are rich Referring to the example above, we can see that deductive reasoning is based on a theory called syllogism. Syllogism is a form of argument that contains three categories. The first categories utter a tentative property that cannot be argued further. The second states that an exact item fits into the category and last step gives a conclusion by applying the deductive reasoning from step one and two. The advantage in deductive reasoning is that the truth it created are absolute. Many of the hypothesis are generally accepted because they are known to be self-evident truths, because they cannot or do not need to be proved. Deductive reasoning draws conclusions from proofs and not by assuming about an already determined clause. It is very valuable skill that helps a student in analyzing literature or even proving a mathematical theorem. Deductive reasoning allows a student to determine the correct answer to a question and moreover deductive reasoning can be taught. The disadvantage in deductive argument is that new facts are not arrived at because the conclusions are already contained in the premises. Before starting a deductive reasoning it must have some truths in hand or else it wont be valid. The most obvious risk in deductive argument is when creating the major premises. The assumption made must be self- evident truths whereby no reasonable person would disagree with it, or an assumption that can be proven through clinical studies and physical observation. There is two type of deductive reasoning, such as traditional deductive reasoning and modern symbolic logic. The traditional deductive reasoning is also known as categorical syllogism, it is a reasoning where facts and information are determined by combining statements. It is an ancient type of deductive reasoning. During ancient times, men usually presented their arguments in syllogism, but soon then they presented their arguments in a more abstract form. An example of lines of reasoning derived from this method is: All men are mortal Socrates is a men Therefore Socrates is mortal Modern symbolic logic is a deductive reasoning that develop to help create a more simple and useful method of translator ordinary arguments into a universal language of symbols. This type of reasoning can analyze longer arguments very quickly and check if it is valid. But this type of reasoning made logical argument mathematical and even made it uglier. In the conclusion, Induction reasoning is generally related to the future. It assemble specific facts and then bring about a general conclusion that assume what will be found in the future while deductive reasoning are generally relate to the past or present. Most likely, the hypothesis are already tested, therefore it draw from general information and then create an exact conclusion which it verifies the past or present. An inductive reasoning needs faith in its conclusion, while deductive reasoning needs faith in its hypothesis. Inductive argument takes events and creates generalization while deductive arguments make conclusion based on generalization. Positivist and anti positivist Positivism is universally known as the philosophy of knowledge and science. The concept asserts that the only true knowledge is that which is found in sense, perception and positive verification. All knowledge arrives from positive facts of experience being observed. It is a philosophy which has a lot of theories for the entire field of theology as well as metaphysics, because they cannot be proving to be true. Positivist theories include the theory of the mind, theory of society, the theory of language and likewise the theory of morality. Antipositivism is also known as the non-positivist or interpretive sociology and is the view in social science that academics must necessarily reject empiricism and the scientific method in the conduct of social theory and research. Antipostivism contend that only through the subjective interpretation of and intervention in reality can that reality be fully understood. The study of phenomena in their natural environment is key to the antiposotism philosophy, together with the Acknowledgement that scientists cannot avoid affecting those phenomena they study. They admit that there may be many interpretations of reality, but maintain that these interpretations are in themselves a part of the scientific knowledge they are pursuing. antipositivism has a tradition that is no less glorious than that of positivism, nor is it shorter. In this research the approach that have been used in carried out the research is the deductive and purely anti positivism. How the research is been conducted and the findings from doing the research will be discussed in the exploratory research section. Exploratory Research In the process of this research, interview from different homestay and guest house that assume to be homestay have been carried out. From the interview found out that homestay faces some problems which might affect its progress and its reputations. This problem is as follows: The government effort toward homestay The Malaysian government makes all effort possible in making the homestay more reliable. They make provision of training for the host on how to manage the homestay. Homestay managers are been send to gain more knowledge on how to make the homestay more efficient. Furthermore, they also provide infrastructural facilities to aid the development of the homestay area. Facilities such as provision of good road networks, clean and portable and standard electricity power supply. All this facilities will boost the image of the homestay to the tourist who might be willing to stay there. The provision of these amenities would not only attract more visitors but it will also make the villagers lifestyle to be improved. The government in its effort also perform safety inspection on each homestay, in other to make sure that it is suitable for tourist. This is to make sure that the environment surrounding the homestay is kept clean and kept safe for the tourist or visitors because a safe environment is a place to be. Moreover, the government have make available homestay information to visiting tourist in the website; in the website include the location of the homestay, contact number of the homestay and also the addresses of the homestay. All of this is provided to make it easier for visitors or tourist to find the homestay area. They will be able to call earlier, even to make a booking or reservation; this will enhance and promote the homestay. Besides of this tremendous effort government should have double up the effort in marketing strategy and aware of the new phenomenon which has spread widely where is a guest house that called homestay. The government should take a wise action on this phenomenon whether to abolish or rename the guest house that assumed to be homestay this is because the reputation of homestay have been down because of the guest house that assume to be homestay. Branding and Marketing An effective brand marketing strategy draw at the heartstring of prospective buyers to evoke an emotional response called loyalty. Consumers buy goods and services, not only because of the quality or ability of a product to perform as promised, but because of emotions products and services evoke. Branding is all about promoting the right perception to a target audience, which will convince that audience of the advertisers promise to bring comfort, safety, security, assurance, a sense of well being, or social acceptance. An advertisers brand is a name, symbol, graphic, or slogan which identifies the goods and services the advertiser sells, while setting them apart from the competition (christianet, 2008). So in light of this, the government should upgrade their marketing strategy for the real homestay creating more advertising campaigns through the media such as Television, radio station, newspaper and even roadside advertisement, Likewise in airports, so as to draw the attention of t ourist into going for the homestay. This is another problem faced by homestay in Melaka. Many homestay do not have even names, not to mention images to identify it. There is no uniqueness for some homestay. Many guest house have overshadowed the homestay. Each homestay should have a unique image or brand, which allows visitors or tourist to be able to determine where they want to stay, the exact homestay they require. Moreover, they should try to improve their marketing strategies. This could be done through advertising and marketing branding. By advertising the homestay, it is likely to bring in more visitors which will enhance the market value. Also by raising brand awareness and driving sales, present the homestay with a more good features, which will give tourists or visitor more urge to visit. Homestay should engage in promotions. Through promotions, more visitors are being worn over. Many guesthouse have overshadowed the homestay. Each homestay should have unique image or brand which allows visitors or tourist to be able to determine where they want to stay, the exact homestay they require. Moreover, they should try to improve their marketing strategies. This could be done through advertising and marketing branding. By advertising the homes, it is likely to bring in more visitors which will enhance the market value. Also by raising brand awareness and driving roles, present the homestay with a more good features, which will give tourist or visitor more urge to visit. Homestays should engage in promotions. Through promotions, more visitors are being worn over. Many tourist or visitors will tend to choose a home offering discounts as it is still a great and lovely home to stay in. Homestay offering promotions to visitors and this will lead to get more attention than others and this will enhance its finance. Commercial Home Enterprise The guesthouse nowadays, which are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are identified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In most guest houses or private homes, the host or family do not usually live on the property. Likewise there are limitation differentiating open area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host only. While the real homestay is all about living and learning the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and most homestay do not have restrictions to visitors, where there are free to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist will experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009). Confusions have always been a very bad omen for anything or to human themselves. In terms of this research, it was noted that many visitors or tourists have always taken the guest house (CHE) to be the homestay. It has reduce the level of visitors which the experiential homestay has get the impact drastically. In dealing with this confusion, it is better to either abolish the confusion guest house or rename it to commercial home enterprise, it completely so as not to cause anymore confusions among the tourist. The perception of tourists or visitors is very important, because when they go for the guest house instead of the homestay and do not get to meet the expectation they wanted, it might damage their perception on the homestay. This really is causing a major upset for homestay host or managers. This confusion also affects the marketing and financial aspects of homestay. So this research deduces that the confusion needs to be deal with. The popularity of homestay also is an aspect that needs to treat. Most homestays are located in rural areas, so it is very hard for urban visitors to know of some homestays, in which they can reside in. It will help the cause of the homestays if it is been popularise in the urban areas as it will enhance the medium at which visitors or tourist visits. The government have given emphatic stress through the ministry of tourism to the homestay program as it is a tourism product. The program having so many potential, a master plan was formulated in 2011 to advance homestay program as a catalyst for rural community development. The number of homestay providers in Malaysia has rising because it has the ability of providing additional income and likewise employment (9th Malaysian plan, 2010) Moreover, the government in their effort in enhancing the homestay program have created websites, where all descriptions, booking details and contact number are been provided. Infrastructural development are also a factor that is been strengthen by government in rural area. They make sure good road are been contractedly, constant electricity supply, provision of clean water supply and upholding the community building. Furthermore in the 9th Malaysia plan, the government put its centre of attention into the development of rural area through the modernization and commercialization of agricultural acivities and creation of new economic activities that must especially through the system of One District One Industry program. The guesthouse nowadays, which are called homestays are actually commercial home enterprise (CHE) which is define as a small housing enterprise that are identified as a new hospitality nowadays (Paul A. Lynch, 2005). A commercial home is type of accommodation in which payment is been made by guest to stay in private homes. In most guest houses or private homes, the host or family do not usually live on the property. Likewise there are limitation differentiating open area and closed area in the premises. Some spaces are restricted for visitors because they open to host only. While the real homestay is all about living and learning the local lifestyle in their local residents and their family and most homestay do not have restrictions to visitors, where there are free to move around the house as they please. In the homestay, visitor or tourist will experience the music and cultural activities, historical significance, arts and crafts (MaimumahAbdulRahim, 2009). Due to the misunderstanding between this two, it causes confusion in the mind set of people on the homestay. Many people or tourist visiting would think take the guest house as the homestay, which makes them not to take homestay as their first choice of holiday accomodation or activities. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction A research methodology clarifies what the activity of research is, how to proceed, how to measure progress, and what constitutes success. The main focus on this chapter is to demonstrate what the purpose of the research is, how the questionnaire is designed, in what way the data are collected and which areas are targeted. Analysis of the data is presented to obtain the results for objectives which are stated in chapter one. To this extent, the methodology is described with the objectives of this study, which are again stated: To access the effort of government that can enhance the success of homestay To investigate Malaysians perception on homestay To estimate the level of acceptance of Malaysian and foreign tourist toward homestay Research framework, hypothesis development and research design are presented in section 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. The discussion of the research instrument involved is explained in section 3.5. The designing of the questionnaire for collecting data will be explained in section 3.6. Moreover, sampling method, data collection and data analysis method will discuss in this chapter also. 3.2 Research Framework